中文English
ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R

Influence of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on the prognosis of patients with alcohol-related hepatocellular carcinoma after radical treatment

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.03.023
  • Received Date: 2020-09-07
  • Accepted Date: 2020-11-13
  • Published Date: 2021-03-20
  •   Objective  To investigate the association of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with the prognosis of patients with alcohol-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after radical treatment.  Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 43 patients with alcohol-related HCC who were admitted to The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital and underwent radical treatment from January 2008 to July 2015, and according to HDL-C level, the patients were divided into normal group with 26 patients and abnormal group with 17 patients. The two groups were compared in terms of basic information, laboratory markers, imaging indices, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer tumor stage, and Child-Pugh class of liver function. The t-test test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves and the log-rank test was used for comparison between groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze independent risk factors for prognosis.  Results  There was a significant difference in prealbumin between the two groups (162.38±60.86 mg/L vs 120.06±64.08 mg/L, t=2.184, P=0.035). Number of tumors (hazard ratio [HR]=2.839, 95%confidence interval [CI]: 1.120~7.200, P=0.028), tumor size (HR=2.634, 95%CI: 1.062~6.529, P=0.037), and HDL-C level (HR=2.400, 95%CI: 1.040~5.537, P=0.040) were independent risk factors for the overall survival of patients with alcohol-related HCC. There were significant differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates between the normal group and the abnormal group (88.5%/72.4%/55.7% vs 70.6%/43.7%/17.5%, χ2=5.881, P=0.015).  Conclusion  The reduction in HDL-C level might indicate poor prognosis of patients with alcohol-related HCC.

     

  • 肝细胞癌是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大常见原因,对于晚期肝癌患者,靶向治疗的效果仍不能满足临床需求1-5,寻找新的基因靶点可进一步提升疗效及安全性,成为目前肝癌治疗领域的研究热点。减数分裂内切酶1(essential meiotic endonuclease 1,EME1)编码的蛋白质可与MUS81形成核酸内切酶复合物,作用于特定的DNA底物,包括Holiday连接、3′末端翘翼结构以及复制叉结构,在DNA链间交联、DNA双链断裂后修复过程中对重组中间产物的分解发挥着关键作用6。既往研究7-9发现,EME1高表达是膀胱癌、乳腺癌及肾透明细胞癌不良预后的高危因素,但其在肝癌中的表达和作用尚未见报道。本研究从TCGA数据库入手,通过生物信息学寻找肝癌组织中的高表达基因EME1,并在肝癌组织/癌旁组织中进行验证,通过基因沉默探讨EME1对肝癌细胞生物学行为的影响,以期鉴定新的治疗靶点。

    人肝癌细胞BEL-7404/7402、Hep3B及人胚肾细胞293T均为本单位感染病研究所保存。慢病毒载体购自上海吉凯基因公司。鼠源EME1单克隆抗体购自美国Santa Cruz公司,HRP标记山羊抗小鼠的二抗检测试剂盒购自北京中杉金桥公司。HiScript Ⅲ All-in one RT、SuperMix Perfect for qPCR逆转录试剂和Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix购自南京诺唯赞公司。RPMI 1640和MEM培养基购自美国Corning公司,胎牛血清(FBS)购自美国Geniala公司,四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)购自北京鼎国昌盛公司,Caspase-Glo® 3/7 Assay试剂盒购自美国Promega公司,碘化丙啶(PI)购自吉至生化公司。

    下载TCGA数据库中肝细胞癌样本的mRNA seq表达谱,利用R软件中的“edge”包筛选癌及癌旁组织中高表达基因。

    BEL-7404/7402细胞在含10%FBS的RPMI 1640细胞培养液、Hep3B细胞在含10%FBS的MEM细胞培养液中37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。细胞传代使用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,按照1∶3比例传代。

    石蜡切片经脱蜡、水化、抗原修复后,FBS封闭后加入EME1一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜,加入二抗37 ℃孵育20 min,DAB显色,苏木精复染,中性树胶封片,镜检评分。染色结果进行半定量分析,以染色强度评分[阴性为0分,淡黄色(弱阳性)为1分,棕黄色(阳性)为2分,棕褐色(强阳性)为3分]和阳性细胞范围评分[≤25%为1分,26%~50%计为2分,51%~75%为3分,>75%为4分]乘积作为最终结果。

    EME1 短发夹RNA(shRNA)干扰序列为CTGAGAAGACAGGAAAGAA,两端分别添加AgeI(A^CCGGT)和EcoRI(G^AATTC)酶切位点黏性末端,并在正链3′端添加终止信号(TTTTT),反链5′端添加终止信号互补序列(AAAAA),合成DNA Oligo。双酶切hU6-MCS-CMV-EGFP慢病毒载体使其线性化,将DNA Oligo与载体质粒相连后转化感受态细胞,之后PCR扩增及测序鉴定(表1)。提取鉴定正确的质粒,利用第二代慢病毒包装系统,穿梭质粒GV115、包装质粒psPAX2、包膜质粒pMD2.G共转染293T细胞,转染后48 h进行病毒收获,浓缩与纯化慢病毒。

    表  1  EME1 shRNA引物序列
    Table  1.  Sequences of essential meiotic structure-specific endonuclease 1 shRNA
    名称 序列(5′-3′)
    shRNA 正义链:CCGGCCCTGAGAAGACAGGAAAGAAC TCGAGTTCTTTCCTGTCTTCTCAGGGTTTTTG
    反义链:AATTCAAAAACCCTGAGAAGACAGGAAAG AACTCGAGTTCTTTCCTGTCTTCTCAGGG
    shRNA-NC 正义链:CCGGTTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGTTTCA AGAGAAGTGACACGTTCGGAGAATTTTTG 反义链:AATTCAAAAATTCTCCGAACGTGTCAC GTTCTCTT GAAACGTGACACGTTCGGAGAA
    鉴定引物 正义链:CCTATTTCCCATGATTCCTTCATA
    反义链:GTAATACGGTTATCCACG
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    对数生长期的BEL-7404细胞接种于6孔板(2×105个/孔),培养至铺板量达30%后分别加入shRNA干扰表达慢病毒和阴性对照慢病毒,感染12 h后更换完全培养基继续培养。感染72 h后,荧光显微镜观察细胞感染效率。以GADPH为内参照,进行实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测(表2),2-△△Ct法计算EME1相对表达量。

    表  2  各基因引物序列
    Table  2.  primer sequences
    名称 序列(5′-3′)
    EME1 正义链: TGACTTCAACAGCGACACCCA
    反义链: CACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAA
    GAPDH 正义链: TCTGAGGAGTTGCCAACATTTG
    反义链: GGCTTCACAATCTGAGATGTCAA
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    制备样品,每孔上样量为30 μg,10%的SDS-PAGE电泳分离,并转移到PVDF膜上,室温封闭1 h,一抗(1∶800)4 ℃孵育过夜,TBST洗膜。二抗(1∶5 000)室温孵育1 h,TBST洗膜。化学发光法(ECL法)检测条带,以GAPDH为内参照,用Image J软件进行灰度值分析。

    对数生长期细胞接种于96孔板(2×103个/孔),每天用Celigo检测读板。另设置一组进行MTT检测,培养终止前4 h加入5 mg/mL的MTT溶液20 μL,继续培养4 h后吸取培养液,每孔加入100 μL二甲基亚砜,振荡器振荡2 min,检测490 nm处的吸光值。

    对数生长期细胞接种于6孔板(800个/孔),持续培养10 d后使用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞30 min,PBS洗涤后加入500 μL/孔吉姆萨染液(10 min),ddH2O洗涤细胞,晾干后拍照并克隆计数。

    对数生长期细胞接种于96孔板(1×104个/孔),Caspase-Glo3/7缓冲液10 mL溶解Caspase-Glo3/7冻干粉,每孔加入Caspase-Glo反应液100 μL,500 r/min离心30 min,室温孵育2 h后使用酶标仪测定信号强度。

    收集处于对数生长期的细胞,用4 ℃预冷的D-Hanks洗涤细胞并沉淀,用4 ℃预冷的75%乙醇固定细胞1 h。1 300 r/min离心5 min,去固定液,用4 ℃预冷的D-Hanks洗涤细胞沉淀1次。加入1 mL的细胞染色液重悬,上机检测。

    采用R语言软件4.2.1进行统计分析,每个实验均设置3个复孔,数据以x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    TCGA数据库筛选出50对肝癌样本,EME1 mRNA在肝癌组织(114.5±153.0)的表达量是癌旁组织(8.0±7.2)的18.9倍(t=5.00,P<0.001)(图1a)。RT-qPCR结果显示,人肝癌细胞BEL-7404/7402和Hep3B中EME1 mRNA相对表达量(ΔCT值)分别为9.25、10.32和10.89,均<12,为高丰度表达(图1b)。

    注: a,TCGA数据库分析EME1 mRNA表达水平;b,BEL-7404/7402、Hep3B细胞的EME1 mRNA表达水平。
    图  1  EME1 mRNA在肝癌/癌旁组织中的表达情况
    Figure  1.  Expression level of EME1 mRNA in HCC/paracancerous tissues

    选取病理确诊的3例肝癌患者的手术切除癌/癌旁组织进行Western Blot分析,结果显示肝癌组织EME1蛋白水平(249.0%± 35.5%)是癌旁组织(100.0%±77.8%)的2.5倍(t=3.02,P<0.05)(图2a、b)。选取病理确诊的5例肝癌患者的手术切除肝癌组织/癌旁组织进行免疫组化分析,结果显示肝癌组织EME1蛋白水平(8.4±2.6)是癌旁组织(1.2±0.4)的7.0倍(t=7.55,P<0.001)(图2c、d)。

    注: a,Western Blot结果;b,Western Blot的定量分析;c,免疫组化结果(×200);d,免疫组化的半定量分析。
    图  2  EME1在肝癌/癌旁组织中的表达情况
    Figure  2.  Expression level of EME1 in HCC/paracancerous tissues

    荧光倒置相差显微镜观察慢病毒感染72 h后的BEL-7404细胞,结果显示感染效率达到80%以上,细胞状态正常(图3)。RT-qPCR结果显示,沉默组(shEME1)EME1 mRNA表达水平(29.9%±0.9%)相较于阴性对照组(shCtrl)(100.0%± 3.6%)显著降低(t=32.82,P<0.001)(图4a);Western Blot结果显示,shEME1组EME1蛋白表达水平(35.7%±14.9%)相较于shCtrl组(100.0%±28.9%)显著降低(t=3.42,P<0.05)(图4b),表明EME1稳定沉默的肝癌细胞株BEL-7404构建成功。

    图  3  慢病毒感染BEL-7404细胞48 h后荧光显微镜结果(×100)
    Figure  3.  Fluorescence microscopie observation of BEL-7404 after transfection for 48 hours (×100)
    注: a,RT-qPCR检测不同处理组EME1 mRNA表达水平;b,Western Blot检测不同处理组EME1蛋白表达水平。
    图  4  BEL-7404细胞的EME1沉默效率
    Figure  4.  EME1 silencing efficiency in BEL-7404 cells

    Celigo观察培养1~5天的BEL-7404细胞,结果显示随着培养时间的延长,相对于对照组,沉默组细胞数量显著下降,培养5天时沉默组为4 053±167,对照组为8 988±477,细胞数量下降了45.1%(t=16.91,P<0.001)(图5a、b)。MTT检测培养1~5天的BEL-7404细胞在490 nm处的吸光值,相对于对照组,沉默组细胞吸光值显著下降,培养5天时沉默组为0.518±0.046,对照组为0.774±0.022,细胞活性下降了66.9%(t=8.74,P<0.001)(5c)。培养10天后,沉默组克隆数(75±6)较对照组(260±9)显著减少,细胞克隆形成能力下降了29.0%(t=28.92,P<0.001)(图5d、e)。表明沉默EME1降低BEL-7404细胞的增殖能力。

    注: a,Celigo计数仪在荧光视野下对BEL-7404细胞的单视野成像;b,Celigo计数仪计数单孔BEL-7404细胞的数量;c,MTT法检测BEL-7404细胞的增殖情况;d、e,BEL-7404细胞的克隆形成情况与克隆计数。
    图  5  不同处理组BEL-7404细胞的增殖情况
    Figure  5.  Proliferation of BEL-7404 cells in different treatment groups

    流式细胞术检测慢病毒感染5天后的BEL-7404细胞周期,沉默组的G1期细胞比例显著高于对照组(49.9%±0.8% vs 44.0%±0.9%,t=8.96,P<0.001),G2/M期细胞比例显著低于对照组(15.9%±0.2% vs 17.9%±0.7%,t=9.13,P<0.001),S期细胞比例显著低于对照组(34.2%±0.6% vs 38.1%±0.5%,t=6.91,P<0.001)(图6)。

    图  6  不同处理组BEL-7404细胞周期情况
    Figure  6.  Cell cycle of BEL-7404 cells in different treatment groups

    Caspase3/7活性分析显示感染shRNA慢病毒5天后,沉默组细胞的Caspase3/7活性(145.8%±5.9%)较对照组组(100.0%± 2.3%)显著升高1.5倍(t=12.50,P<0.001)(图7)。

    图  7  不同处理组BEL-7404细胞的Caspase3/7活性
    Figure  7.  Caspase3/7 activity of BEL-7404 cells in the negative control group and the experimental group

    EME1对于哺乳动物细胞中 DNA 代谢的各个方面都很重要,Guo等10研究发现EME1与胃癌细胞AGS和MGC-803的增殖及侵袭能力密切相关,沉默EME1基因表达可通过抑制蛋白激酶B活化,降低糖原合酶激酶-3β、细胞周期蛋白D1,从而抑制癌细胞增殖和侵袭,促进细胞凋亡。基于中国广西人群的研究11发现EME1的Glu69Asp错义多态性与肝癌风险增加显著相关。EME1的另一外显子Ile350Thr变异会提高乳腺癌的易感性12

    本研究发现沉默EME1的表达可降低肝癌的增殖能力。正常细胞中同源重组(homologous recombination,HR)相关蛋白受到高度的调控,对DNA序列具有相当高的特异性,一旦失调就会导致基因组的不稳定性。MUS81/EME1在异常的时间节点被激活,可能会导致细胞周期的阻滞、DNA向子细胞的不对称分布以及非整倍体。相反,过早的磷酸化会刺激Holiday连接交叉。HR途径的过表达可能引起DNA重排,导致癌基因活化或者抑癌基因的杂合性的缺失13。HR介导基因表型的持续变化为肿瘤细胞提供生长优势,恶性表型的不断发展以及耐药性的产生。有研究14发现,多发性骨髓瘤细胞和患者样本中的HR酶活性升高密切相关,抑制HR活性可显著减少新基因表型的产生,上调HR活性会增加基因突变的数量。持续获得HR介导的新基因,可能会导致癌基因的激活,促进肿瘤或耐药表型的获得。笔者推测高表达水平的EME1蛋白可能通过催化DNA-RNA杂交的形成导致基因组不稳定,或通过促成同源性驱动的易出错过程(如单链退火、复制模板切换和非等位HR)来促进突变。

    结果表明,沉默EME1表达后Caspase3/7活性显著增高,有效促进细胞凋亡。细胞凋亡主要由Caspase家族蛋白酶执行,Caspase3/7负责对特定的细胞底物进行关键的切割,导致最终的凋亡细胞死亡。癌前病变的DNA损伤可通过诱导细胞凋亡来清除潜在的有害细胞从而阻断肿瘤生长。这一死亡过程的失控与异常的细胞增殖、肿瘤的发生和进展有关,细胞凋亡的失调被认为是癌症的标志之一15。本研究同时发现沉默EME1表达后G1期细胞比例高于shCtrl组,表明抑制EME1表达能有效阻滞细胞周期,抑制肿瘤细胞生长。EME1虽然在G2/M期活性受到严格的调控,但其在细胞全周期中都能检测到。有研究16证明有丝分裂中Cdk1活性的失调,会过早激活MUS81/EME1的有丝分裂同源重组,可能会诱导DNA损伤应答缺陷相关的细胞周期改变。蛋白激酶2(CK2)通过磷酸化调控MUS81/EME1复合物的活性,从而在有丝分裂和DNA复制应激后发挥不同的功能。在细胞有丝分裂过程中,CK2通过磷酸化MUS81/EME1增强其活性,有助于维持基因组的稳定性。但在细胞受到DNA复制应激后,CK2过度活化MUS81/EME1复合物会导致DNA损伤和染色体不稳定性17。事实上,已经在许多肿瘤中发现CK2过表达18-19,因此可以推测CK2可通过提高MUS81/EME1的生物学功能,促进人类基因组的不稳定性,还需要进一步研究确定肝癌中CK2的表达水平与MUS81/EME1的关系。在检查点激酶缺陷1的细胞中,由于核苷酸的缺乏不足以维持有丝分裂期DNA合成,MUS81/EME1复合物切割有丝分裂期间合成的新生DNA20。这种机制并不会导致细胞的死亡,而是造成子细胞遗传了受损的DNA,MUS81/EME1复合物对晚期复制产物的异常处理会导致基因组不稳定。在FIBP敲低的肺腺癌中,EME1的过表达逆转了其对肺腺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用21。该研究结果显示,EME1的过表达显著减少了γ-H2AX病灶形成,表明EME1参与肺腺癌细胞增殖和放射耐药性。FIBP与STAT3互作通过增强其磷酸化从而提高转录活性,并诱导靶基因EME1的表达。外源性STAT3的过表达也提高了FIBP缺陷肺腺癌细胞中的EME1表达水平,这一结果在另一项研究22中也得到证实。此外,肿瘤细胞中的某些特异性的细胞因子常通过结合EME1的启动子上调其表达。

    综上,EME1在肝癌组织中高表达,并在细胞功能学层面证明了沉默EME1基因可抑制肝癌细胞的增殖,阻滞细胞周期,诱导肝癌细胞的凋亡,为临床治疗提供了新思路。此外本研究对EME1在肝癌中发生发展限于细胞的功能性实验,后续还需对动物模型和分子机制进行下一步的探索。

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