中文English
ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R

留言板

尊敬的读者、作者、审稿人, 关于本刊的投稿、审稿、编辑和出版的任何问题, 您可以本页添加留言。我们将尽快给您答复。谢谢您的支持!

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

肝衰竭的免疫发病机制

王晓晶 张小平 宁琴

引用本文:
Citation:

肝衰竭的免疫发病机制

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2014.10.004
详细信息
  • 中图分类号: R575.3

Immune-mediated liver failure

  • 摘要: 导致肝衰竭的主要因素包括直接损伤和免疫介导的肝损伤,越来越多的证据显示免疫介导的肝损伤在肝衰竭的发病中起到了重要作用。就免疫介导的肝损伤作一综述,囊括了人和动物的相关基础及临床研究,对天然免疫和获得性免疫,尤其是各种免疫细胞和免疫分子的相互作用以及细胞凋亡相关分子进行了详细讨论。

     

  • [1]SARIN SK, KUMAR A, ALMEIDA JA, et al.Acute-on-chronic liver failure:consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacifc Association for the study of the liver (APASL) [J].Hepatol Int, 2009, 3 (1) :269-282.
    [2]Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Severe Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, and Chinese Medical Association.Diagnostic and treatment guidelines for liver failure[J].Chin J Hepatol, 2006, 14 (9) :643-646. (in Chinese) 中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组, 中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组.肝衰竭诊疗指南[J].中华肝脏病杂志, 2006, 14 (9) :643-646.
    [3] NING Q, CHEN Z, WANG YM.Acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis:basic research and clinical management[M].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology Press, 2014:1-756. (in Chinese) 宁琴, 陈智, 王宇明.乙型肝炎重症化基础与临床[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2014:1-756.
    [4]NANDA SK, YALCINKAYA K, PANIGRAHI AK, et al.Etiological role of hepatitis E virus in sporadic fulminant hepatitis[J].J Med Virol, 1994, 42 (2) :133-137.
    [5]TIBBS C, WILLIAMS R.Viral causes and managenant of acute liver failure[J].J Hepatol, 1995, 22 (Suppl 1) :68.
    [6]WILLIAMS R.Classification, etiology and consideration of outcome in acute liver failure[J].Semin Liver Dis, 1996, 16 (4) :343-348.
    [7]TANDON BN, BERNAUAU J, O'GRADY J, et al.Recommendation of the international association for the study of the liver subcommittee on nomenclature of acute and subacute liver failure[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1999, 14 (5) :403-404.
    [8]CHU CM, YEH CT, LIAW YF.Viral superinfection in previously unrecognized chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus with superimposed acute fulminant versus nonfulminant hepatitis[J].J Clin Microbiol, 1999, 37 (1) :235-237.
    [9]THOMSON AW, KNOLLE PA.Antigen-presenting cell function in the tolerogenic liver environment[J].Nat Rev Immunol, 2010, 10 (11) :753-766.
    [10]CRISPE IN.The liver as a lymphoid organ[J].Annu Rev Immunol, 2009, 27:147-163.
    [11]GAO B, JEONG WI, TIAN Z.Liver:an organ with predominant innate immunity[J].Hepatology, 2008, 47 (2) :729-736.
    [12]RACANELLI V, REHERMANN B.The liver as an immunological organ[J].Hepatology, 2006, 43 (Suppl 1) :s54-s62.
    [13]YANG Q, SHI Y, HE J, et al.The evolving story of macrophages in acute liver failure[J].Immumo Lett, 2012, 147 (1-2) :1-9.
    [14]LASKIN DL.Macrophages and infammatory mediators in chemical toxicity:a battle of forces[J].Chem Res Toxicol, 2009, 22 (8) :1376-1385.
    [15]BENOIT M, DESNUES B, MEGE JL.Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections[J].J Immunol, 2008, 181 (6) :3733-3739.
    [16]MONTANER LJ, DA SILVA RP, SUN J, et al.Type 1 and type 2cytokine regulation of macrophage endocytosis:differential activation by IL-4/IL-13 as opposed to IFN-g or IL-10[J].J Immunol, 1999, 162 (8) :4606-4613.
    [17]GORDON S, MARTINEZ FO.Alternative activation of macrophages:mechanism and functions[J].Immunity, 2010, 32 (5) :593-604.
    [18]ANTONIADES CG, QUAGLIA A, TAAMS LS, et al.Source and characterisation of hepatic macrophages in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in humans[J].Hepatology, 2012, 56 (2) :735-746.
    [19]YANG Q, SHI Y, YANG Y, et al.Deactivation and apoptosis of hepatic macrophages are involved in the development of concanavalin A induced acute liver failure[J].Mol Med Rep, 2013, 8 (3) :757-762.
    [20]HIRAOKA A, HORIIKE N, AKBAR SM, et al.Soluble CD163 in patients with liver diseases:very high levels of soluble CD163 in patients with fulminant hepatic failure[J].J Gastroenterol, 2005, 40 (1) :52-56.
    [21]MLLER HJ, GRNBAEK H, SCHIDT FV, et al.Soluble CD163from activated macrophages predicts mortality in acute liver failure[J].J Hepatol, 2007, 47 (5) :671-676.
    [22]MITA A, HASHIKURA Y, TAGAWA Y, et al.Expression of fas ligand by hepatic macrophages in patients with fulminant hepatic failure[J].Am J Gastroenterol, 2005, 100 (11) :2551-2559.
    [23]LEVY GA, LIU M, DING J, et al.Molecular and functional analysis of the human prothrombinase gene (HFGL2) and its role in viral hapetitis[J].Am J Pathol, 2000, 156 (4) :1217-1225.
    [24]ZHU CL, YAN WM, ZHU F, et al.Fibrinogen-like protein 2 fibroleukin expression and its correlation with disease progression in murine hepatitis virus type 3-induced fulminant hepatitis and inpatients with severe viral hepatitis B[J].World J Gastroenterol, 2005, 11 (44) :6936-6940.
    [25]ZHU C, SUN Y, LUO X, et al.Novel mfgl2 antisense plasmid inhibits murine fgl2 expression and ameliorates murine hepatitis virus type 3-induced fulminant hepatitis in BALB/cJ mice[J].Hum Gene Ther, 2006, 17 (6) :589-600.
    [26]GAO S, WANG M, YE H, et al.Dual interference with novel genes mfgl2 and mTNFR1 ameliorates murine hepatitis virus type 3-induced fulminant hepatitis in BALB/cJ mice[J].Hum Gene Ther, 2010, 21 (8) :969-977.
    [27]HAN M, YAN W, GUO W, et al.Hepatitis B virus-induced hFGL2transcription is dependent on c-Ets-2 and MAPK signal pathway[J].J Biol Chem, 2008, 283 (47) :32715-32729.
    [28]WU Z, HAN M, CHEN T, et al.Acute liver failure:mechanisms of immune-mediated liver injury[J].Liver Int, 2010, 30 (6) :782-794.
    [29]DONG Z, WEI H, SUN R, et al.The roles of innate immune cells in liver injury and regeneration[J].Cell Mol Immunol, 2007, 4 (4) :241-252.
    [30]DONG ZJ, WEI HM, SUN R, et al.Isolation of murine hepatic lymphocytes using mechanical dissection for phenotypic and functional analysis of NK1.1+cells[J].World J Gastroenterol, 2004, 10 (13) :1928-1933.
    [31]ZHANG JH, DONG ZJ, ZHOU RB, et al.Isolation of lymphocytes and their innate immune characterizations from liver, intestine, lung and uterus[J].Cell Mol Immunol, 2005, 2 (4) :271-280.
    [32]OCHI M, OHDAN H, MITSUTA H, et al.Liver NK cells expressing TRAIL are toxic against self hepatocytes in mice[J].Hepatology, 2004, 39 (5) :1321-1331.
    [33]ZOU Y, CHEN T, HAN M, et al.Increased killing of liver NK cells by Fas/Fas ligand and NKG2D/NKG2D ligand con tributes to hepatocyte necrosis in virus-induced liver failure[J].J Immunol, 2010, 184 (1) :466-475.
    [34]TIEGS G.Cellular and cytokine-mediated mechanisms of infammation and its modulation in immune-mediated liver injury[J].Z Gastroenterol, 2007, 45 (1) :63-70.
    [35]ZHAO N, HAO J, NI Y, et al.Vγ4γδT cell-derived IL-17A negatively regulates NKT cell function in Con A-induced fulminant hepatitis[J].J Immunol, 2011, 187 (10) :5007-5014.
    [36]KAKIMI K, GUIDOTTI LG, KOEZUKA Y, et al.Natural killer T cell activation inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo[J].J Exp Med, 2000, 192 (7) :921-930.
    [37]ZHANG Z, ZOU ZS, FU JL, et al.Severe dendritic cell perturbation is actively involved in the pathogenesis of acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure[J].J Hepatol, 2008, 49 (3) :396-406.
    [38]ZHAO J, ZHANG JY, YU HW, et al.Improved survival ratios correlate with myeloid dendritic cell restoration in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients receiving methylprednisolone therapy[J].Cell Mol Immunol, 2012, 9 (5) :417-422.
    [39]KHANAM A, TREHANPATI N, GARG V, et al.Altered frequencies of dendritic cells and IFN-c-secreting T cells with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy in acute-onchronic liver failure[J].Liver Int, 2014, 34 (4) :505-513.
    [40]KITAZAWA T, TSUJIMOTO T, KAWARATANI H, et al.Salvage effect of E5564, Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist on d-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure in rats[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010, 25 (5) :1009-1012.
    [41]SHAH N, MONTES de OCA M, JOVER-COBOS M, et al.Role of toll-like receptor 4 in mediating multiorgan dysfunction in mice with acetaminophen induced acute liver failure[J].Liver Transpl, 2013, 19 (7) :751-761.
    [42]FISHER JE, MCKENZIE TJ, LILLEGARD JB, et al.Role of Kupffer cells and toll-like receptor 4 in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure[J].J Surg Res, 2013, 180 (1) :147-155.
    [43]RONG Y, SONG H, YOU S, et al.Association of Toll-like receptor 3 polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis Brelated acute-on-chronic liver failure[J].Inflammation, 2013, 36 (2) :413-418.
    [44]GUIDOTTI LG, ROCHFORD R, CHUNG J, et al.Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection[J].Science, 1999, 284 (5415) :825-829.
    [45] THIMME R, WIELAND S, STEIGER C, et al.CD8 (+) T cells mediate viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during acute hepatitis B virus infection[J].J Virol, 2003, 77 (1) :68-76.
    [46]BERTOLETTI A, MAINI M, WILLIAMS R.Role of hepatitis B virus specific cytotoxic T cells in liver damage and viral control[J].Antiviral Res, 2003, 60 (20) :61-66.
    [47]KONDO Y, KOBAYASHI K, ASABE S, et al.Vigorous response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with systemic activation of CD8 T lymphocytes in fulminant hepatitis B[J].Liver Int, 2004, 24 (6) :561-567.
    [48]DONG X, GONG Y, ZENG H, et al.Imbalance between circulating CD4+regulatory T and conventional T lymphocytes in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J].Liver Int, 2013, 33 (10) :1517-1526.
    [49]ZHANG Z, ZHANG JY, WHERRY EJ, et al.Dynamic programmed death 1 expression by virus-specific CD8 T cells correlates with the outcome of acute hepatitis B[J].Gastroenterology, 2008, 134 (7) :1938-1949.
    [50]LIU X, SHI F, TIEN P, et al.Sustained overexpression of PD-1on CD8+T cells was significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J].Hepatology, 2010, 52 (4 Suppl) :1085a.
    [51] LIU XY, SHI F, ZHAO H, et al.Research of PD-1 expression in CD8+T cell of peripheral blood with HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure[J].Chinese J Exp Clin Virol, 2010, 24 (2) :125-127. (in Chinese) 刘晓燕, 石峰, 赵鸿, 等.PD-1受体在HBV-ACLF患者外周血CD8~+T细胞上的表达研究[J].中华实验和临床病毒学杂志, 2010, 24 (2) :125-127.
    [52]STOOP JN, van der MOLEN RG, BAAN CC, et al.Regulatory T cells contribute to the impaired immune response in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J].Hepatology, 2005, 41 (4) :771-778.
    [53]FRANZESE O, KENNEDY PT, GEHRING AJ, et al.Modulation of the CD8+-T-cell response by CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in patients with hepatitis B virus infection[J].J Virol, 2005, 79 (6) :3322-3328.
    [54]YANG J, YI P, WEI L, et al.Phenotypes and clinical significance of circulating CD4 (+) CD25 (+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) [J].J Transl Med, 2012, 10:193.
    [55]KHANAM A, TREHANPATI N, SHRIVASTAVA S, et al.Increased expression of regulatory T cells in liver ineffective in downregulating the inflammatory activation of cells in acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) [J].Hepatology, 2010, 52 (4 Suppl) :1105a.
    [56]WANG LW, CHEN H, GONG ZJ.High mobility group box-1protein inhibits regulatory T cell immune activity in liver failure in patients with chronic hepatitis B[J].Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2010, 9 (5) :499-507.
    [57]SHALEV I, WONG KM, FOERSTER K, et al.The novel CD4+CD25+regulatory T cell effector molecule fibrinogen-like protein 2contributes to the outcome of murine fulminant viral hepatitis[J].Hepatology, 2009, 49 (2) :387-397.
    [58]WU D, WANG HW, CHEN T, et al.A disparate subset of double negative T cells contributes to the outcome of murine fulminant viral hepatitis via effector molecule fibrinogen-like protein 2[J].Hepatology, 2012, 56 (4Suppl) :118a.
    [59]TANG Y, JIANG L, ZHENG Y, et al.Expression of CD39 on FoxP3+T regulatory cells correlates with progression of HBV infection[J].BMC Immunol, 2012, 13:17.
    [60]ZHANG M, ZHOU J, ZHAO T, et al.Dissection of a circulating and intrahepatic CD4 (+) Foxp3 (+) T-cell subpopulation in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection:a highly informative strategy for distinguishing chronic HBV infection states[J].J Infect Dis, 2012, 205 (7) :1111-1120.
    [61]WEI L, LAURENCE A, ELIAS KM, et al.IL-21 is produced by Th17cells and drives IL-17 production in a STAT3-dependent manner[J].J Biol Chem, 2007, 282 (48) :34605-34610.
    [62]HU X, MA S, HUANG X, et al.Interleukin-21 is upregulated in hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and associated with severity of liver disease[J].J Viral Hepat, 2011, 18 (7) :458-467.
    [63]ZHAO L, QIU de K, MA X.Th17 cells:the emerging reciprocal partner of regulatory T cells in the liver[J].J Dig Dis, 2010, 11 (3) :126-133.
    [64]YE Y, XIE X, YU J, et al.Involvement of Th17 and Th1 effector responses in patients with hepatitis B[J].J Clin Immunol, 2010, 30 (4) :546-555.
    [65]ZHAI S, ZHANG L, DANG S, et al.The ratio of Th-17 to Treg cells is associated with survival of patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure[J].Viral Immunol, 2011, 24 (4) :303-310.
    [66]NIU Y, LIU H, YIN D, et al.The balance between intrahepatic IL-17 (+) T cells and Foxp3 (+) regulatory T cells plays an important role in HBV-related end-stage liver disease[J].BMC Immunol, 2011, 12:47.
    [67]NIU YH, YIN DL, LIU HL, et al.Restoring the Treg cell to Th17cell ratio may alleviate HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure[J].World J Gastroenterol, 2013, 19 (26) :4146-4154.
    [68]ZHANG GL, XIE DY, LIN BL, et al.Imbalance of interleukin-17-producing CD4 T cells/regulatory T cells axis occurs inremission stage of patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-onchronic liver failure[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, 28 (3) :513-521.
    [69]THIMME R, WIELAND S, STEIGER C, et al.CD8 (+) T cells mediate viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during acute hepatitis B virus infection[J].J Virol, 2003, 77 (1) :68-76.
    [70]TREPO CG, ROBERT D, MOTIN J, et al.Hepatitis B antigen (HBSAg) and/or antibodies (anti-HBS and anti-HBC) in fulminant hepatitis:pathogenic and prognostic significance[J].Gut, 1976, 17 (1) :10-13.
    [71]TABOR E, GERETY RJ, HOOFNAGLE JH, et al.Immune response in fulminant viral hepatitis, type B[J].Gastroenterology, 1976, 71 (4) :635-640.
    [72]GIMSON AE, TEDDER RS, WHITE YS, et al.Serological markers in fulminant hepatitis B[J].Gut, 1983, 24 (7) :615-617.
    [73]FARCI P, DIAZ G, CHEN Z, et al.B cell gene signature with massive intrahepatic production of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in hepatitis B virus-associated acute liver failure[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010, 107 (19) :8766-8771.
    [74]WASMUTH HE, KUNZ D, YAGMUR E, et al.Patients with acute on chronic liver failure display“sepsis-like”immune paralysis[J].J Hepatol, 2005, 42 (2) :195-201.
    [75]GALUN E, AXELROD JH.The role of cytokines in liver failure and regeneration:potential new molecular therapies[J].Biochim Biophys Acta, 2002, 1592 (3) :345-358.
    [76] YIN XM, DING WX.Death receptor activation-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury[J].Curr Mol Med, 2003, 3 (6) :491-508.
    [77]ODEH M, SABO E, SRUGO I, et al.Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha correlate with severity of hepatic encephalopathy due to chronic liver failure[J].Liver Int, 2004, 24 (2) :110-116.
    [78]RUTHERFORD AE, HYNAN LS, BORGES CB, et al.Serum apoptosis markers in acute liver failure:a pilot study[J].Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 5 (12) :1477-1483.
    [79]NAGAKI M, MORIWAKI H.Implication of cytokines:roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in liver injury[J].Hepatol Res, 2008, 38 (Suppl 1) :s19-s28.
    [80]TOKUSHIGE K, YAMAGUCHI N, IKEDA I, et al.Significance of soluble TNF receptor-1 in acute-type fulminant hepatitis[J].Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95 (8) :2040-2046.
    [81]NAGAKI M, IWAI H, NAIKI T, et al.High levels of serum interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor are associated with fatality in fulminant hepatitis[J].J Infect Dis, 2000, 182 (4) :1103-1108.
    [82]LIAN LH, JIN X, WU YL, et al.Hepatoprotective effects of Sedum sarmentosum on D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced murine fulminant hepatic failure[J].J Pharmacol Sci, 2010, 114 (2) :147-157.
    [83]ANDO K, MORIYAMA T, GUIDOTTI LG, et al.Mechanisms of class I restricted immunopathology[J].J Exp Med, 1993, 178 (5) :1541-1554.
    [84]NICOLETTI F, ZACCONE P, XIANG M, et al.Essential pathogenetic role for interferon (IFN) -gamma in concanavalin A-induced T cell-dependent hepatitis:exacerbation by exogenous IFN-gamma and prevention by IFN-gamma receptor-immunoglobulin fusion protein[J].Cytokine, 2000, 12 (4) :315-323.
    [85]SHIMIZU Y, MARGENTHALER JA, LANDEROS K, et al.The resistance of P.acnes-primed interferon g-deficient mice to low dose lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver injury[J].Hepatology, 2002, 35 (4) :805-814.
    [86]ZOU Z, LI B, XU D, et al.Imbalanced intrahepatic cytokine expression of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10 in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure associated with hepatitis B virus infection[J].J Clin Gastroenterol, 2009, 43 (2) :182-190.
    [87]JIN X, ZIMMERS TA, PEREZ EA, et al.Paradoxical effects of short-and long-term interleukin-6 exposure on liver injury and repair[J].Hepatology, 2006, 43 (3) :474-484.
    [88]CAO Q, BATEY R, PANG G, et al.IL-6, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production by liver-associated T cells and acute liver injury in rats administered concanavalin A[J].Immunol Cell Biol, 1998, 76 (6) :542-549.
    [89]ZHANG JJ, FAN YC, ZHAO ZH, et al.Prognoses of patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure are closely associated with altered SOCS1 mRNA expression and cytokine production following glucocorticoid treatment[J].Cell Mol Immunol, 2014, 11 (4) :396-404.
    [90]MIZUHARA H, O'NEILL E, SEKI N, et al.T cell activation-associated hepatic injury:mediation by tumor necrosis factors and protection by interleukin 6[J].J Exp Med, 1994, 179 (5) :1529-1537.
    [91]MIZUHARA H, UNO M, SEKI N, et al.Critical involvement of interferon gamma in the pathogenesis of T-cell activation-associated hepatitis and regulatory mechanisms of interleukin-6 for the manifestations of hepatitis[J].Hepatology, 1996, 23 (6) :1608-1615.
    [92]KOVALOVICH K, LI W, DEANGELIS R, et al.Interleukin-6 protects against Fas-mediated death by establishing a critical level of anti-apoptotic hepatic proteins FLIP, Bcl-2, and Bcl-Xl[J].J Biol Chem, 2001, 276 (28) :26605-26613.
    [93]HONG F, KIM WH, TIAN Z, et al.Elevated interleukin-6 during ethanol consumption acts as a potential endogenous protective cytokine against ethanol-induced apoptosis in the liver:involvement of induction of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x (L) proteins[J].Oncogene, 2002, 21 (1) :32-43.
    [94]MASUBUCHI Y, BOURDI M, REILLY TP, et al.Role of interleukin-6 in hepatic heat shock protein expression and protection against acetaminophen-induced liver disease[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2003, 304 (1) :207-212.
    [95]KOVALOVICH K, DEANGELIS RA, LI W, et al.Increased toxininduced liver injury and fibrosis in interleukin-6-deficient mice[J].Hepatology, 2000, 31 (1) :149-159.
    [96]TAUB R.Hepatoprotection via the IL-6/Stat3 pathway[J].J Clin Invest, 2003, 112 (7) :978-980.
    [97]KLEIN C, WSTEFELD T, ASSMUS U, et al.The IL-6-gp130-STAT3 pathway in hepatocytes triggers liver protection in T cell-mediated liver injury[J].J Clin Invest, 2005, 115 (4) :860-869.
    [98]LIANG CHENG, JUN WANG, XIAOZHU LI, et al.Interleukin-6 induces Gr-1+CD11b+myeloid cells to suppress CD8+T cell-mediated liver injury in mice[J].PLoS One, 2011, 6 (3) :e17631.
    [99]YANG B, WANG Y, ZHAO C, et al.Increased Th17 cells and interleukin-17 contribute to immune activation and disease aggravation in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J].Immunol Lett, 2013, 149 (1-2) :41-49.
    [100]BERRY PA, ANTONIADES CG, HUSSAIN MJ, et al.Admission levels and early changes in serum interleukin-10 are predictive of poor outcome in acute liver failure and decompensated cirrhosis[J].Liver Int, 2010, 30 (5) :733-740.
    [101]ANTONIADES CG, BERRY PA, WENDON JA, et al.The importance of immune dysfunction in determining outcome in acute liver failure[J].J Hepatol, 2008, 49 (5) :845-861.
    [102] YIN XM, DING WX.Death receptor activation-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury[J].Curr Mol Med, 2003, 3 (6) :491-508.
    [103]MALHI H, GORES GJ, LEMASTERS JJ.Apoptosis and necrosis in the liver:a tale of two deaths?[J].Hepatology, 2006, 43 (Suppl 1) :s31-s44.
    [104]NI R, TOMITA Y, MATSUDA K, et al.Fas-mediated apoptosis in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes[J].Exp Cell Res, 1994, 215 (2) :332-337.
    [105]SAILE B, KNITTEL T, MATTHES N, et al.CD95/CD95L-mediated apoptosis of the hepatic stellate cell.A mechanism terminating uncontrolled hepatic stellate cell proliferation during hepatic tissue repair[J].Am J Pathol, 1997, 151 (1) :1265-1272.
    [106]MUSCHEN M, WARSKULAT U, DOUILLARD P, et al.Regulation of CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand expression by lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone in parenchymal and nonparenchymal rat liver cells[J].Hepatology, 1998, 27 (1) :200-208.
    [107]CARDIER JE, SCHULTE T, KAMMER H, et al.Fas (CD95, APO-1) antigen expression and function in murine liver endothelial cells:implications for the regulation of apoptosis in liver endothelial cells[J].FASEB J, 1999, 13 (14) :1950-1960.
    [108]UENO Y, ISHII M, YAHAGI K, et al.Fas-mediated cholangiopathy in the murine model of graft versus host disease[J].Hepatology, 2000, 31 (4) :966-974.
    [109]OGASAWARA J, WATANABE-FUKUNAGA R, ADACHI M, et al.Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice[J].Nature, 1993, 364 (6440) :806-809.
    [110]RYO K, KAMOGAWA Y, IKEDA I, et al.Significance of Fas antigen-mediated apoptosis in human fulminant hepatic failure[J].Am J Gastroenterol, 2000, 95 (8) :2047-2055.
    [111]TAGAMI A, OHNISHI H, HUGHES RD.Increased serum soluble Fas in patients with acute liver failure due to paracetamol overdose[J].Hepatogastroenterology, 2003, 50 (51) :742-745.
    [112]BANTEL H, SCHULZE-OSTHOFF K.Mechanisms of cell death in acute liver failure[J].Front Physiol, 2012, 3:79.
    [113]RIORDAN SM, WILLIAMS R.Mechanisms of hepatocyte injury, multiorgan failure, and prognostic criteria in acute liver failure[J].Semin Liver Dis, 2003, 23 (3) :203-215.
    [114]BMEUR C, QU H, DESJARDINS P, et al.IL-1 or TNF receptor gene deletion delays onset of encephalopathy and attenuates brain edema in experimental acute liver failure[J].Neurochem Int, 2010, 56 (2) :213-215.
    [115]YANG F, LI X, WANG LK, et al.Inhibitions of NF-κB and TNF-αresult in differential effects in rats with acute on chronic liver failure induced by d-Gal and LPS[J].Inflammation, 2014, 37 (3) :848-857.
    [116]KUHLA A, EIPEL C, SIEBERT N, et al.Hepatocellular apoptosis is mediated by TNFalpha-dependent Fas/FasLigand cytotoxicity in a murine model of acute liver failure[J].Apoptosis, 2008, 13 (12) :1427-1438.
    [117]SINGHAL S, CHAKRAVARTY A, DAS BC, et al.Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble Fas ligand as biomarkers in non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure[J].Biomarkers, 2009, 14 (5) :347-353.
    [118]YIN XM, DING WX.Death receptor activation-induced hepatocyte apoptosis andliver injury[J].Curr Mol Med, 2003, 3 (6) :491-508.
    [119]MUNDT B, KHNEL F, ZENDER L, et al.Involvement of TRAIL and its receptors in viral hepatitis[J].FASEB J, 2003, 17 (1) :94-96.
  • 加载中
计量
  • 文章访问数:  3011
  • HTML全文浏览量:  6
  • PDF下载量:  849
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2014-09-01
  • 出版日期:  2014-10-20
  • 分享
  • 用微信扫码二维码

    分享至好友和朋友圈

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回