Chinese expert opinion on frequency-doubled double pulse laser lithotripsy of biliary stones

Biliary calculi is one of the common digestive disorders. The major therapeutic options of biliary calculi include surgery and endoscopic intervention, but challenges still exist in the treatment of certain difficult stones. With the advantages of safety and high efficiency, frequency-doubled double pulse laser lithotripsy is considered an effective method to solve difficult stones. The frequency-doubled double pulse neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser has been approved by the State Drug Administration for lithotripsy of biliary stones. However, there is no consensus on its indications, introduction methods and operating specifications yet. Therefore, on the basis of reference to literatures, the National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases (Shanghai), Endoscopy Professional Committee of Chinese Endoscopist Association and Chinese Society of Digestive Endoscopy organized domestic experts in relevant fields to formulate this expert opinion after full discussion. This expert opinion may provide some guidance and references for the standard conduction of laser lithotripsy for biliary stones in China.