Objective To investigate the metabolic characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease( NAFLD) and related risk factors in non-obese population. Methods A retrospective analysis were performed for 12 125 individuals who underwent physical examination in Physical Examination Center of PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center from July 2013 to April 2019. According to body mass index( BMI) < 25 kg/m2,these individuals were divided into non-obese group with 8528 individuals and obese group with 3597 individuals; according to the results of abdominal ultrasound,the non-obese group was further divided into NAFLD group with 1025 individuals and non-NAFLD group with 7503 individuals. According to BMI < 25 kg/m2,3281 individuals with NAFLD were divided into non-obese NAFLD subgroup with 1025 individuals and obese NAFLD group with 2256 individuals. Related clinical data were collected,including sex,age,BMI,fasting blood glucose,uric acid,total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein,and hemoglobin.Non-normally distributed continuous data were expressed as M( P25-P75),and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate risk factors. Results Among the 12 125 individuals who underwent the physical examination,the detection rate of NAFLD was 27. 06%,and the detection rate of non-obese NAFLD was 8. 45%,accounting for 12. 02% of the non-obese population.The multivariate logistic regression analysis,based on the univariate analysis,had a diagnostic accordance rate of 89%,and the results showed that the increase in age,BMI,fasting blood glucose,uric acid,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein,and hemoglobin were independent risk factors for non-obese NAFLD( odds ratio [OR]= 1. 043,1. 716,1. 161,1. 004,1. 791,2. 587,and 1. 011,P < 0. 001,< 0. 001, = 0. 001,< 0. 001, < 0. 001, < 0. 001,and = 0. 011),suggesting that non-obese NAFLD had the strongest association with low-density lipoprotein and had no association with age,uric acid,and hemoglobin. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein were non-susceptible factors for non-obese NAFLD( OR = 0. 521 and 0. 523,P = 0. 007 and 0. 024). Conclusion Non-obese NAFLD is closely associated with metabolic disorders,and further studies are needed to explore the association between serum cholesterol and non-obese NAFLD.
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是临床上常见的医疗卫生难题,发病机制尚不明确,目前考虑是一类多系统疾病,影响肝脏以及肝外器官的调节功能,因此2020年由数十位国际顶尖专家组成的专家组提出,将疾病的首字母缩写从NAFLD更改为与代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fatty liver disease, MAFLD)[1]。目前普遍认为NAFLD与肥胖密切相关,尤其是腹型肥胖[2],控制肥胖对预防或减缓NAFLD的进展有着极其重要的意义。人体肥胖测量指标是研究者提出旨在反映身体肥胖程度的一类指标,包括腰围(WC)、腰臀围(waist-to-hip ratio, WHR)、体质量指数(BMI)等指标,通过人体肥胖测量指数可以了解自身肥胖程度以及发生NAFLD的风险,对NAFLD的预防及减轻个人和社会负担起到重大作用。
NAFLD已经成为全球重大的卫生问题之一,据此前研究[3]报道,NAFLD的全球患病率为25.2%,预计未来十年内,非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的发病率将达56%。由于亚洲人口不断增长及城市化、经济发展的加速,NAFLD的增长速度已快于西方发达国家。过去的20年内,我国NAFLD的患病率为13%~43%[4]。北京、上海等地区的流行病学调查示NAFLD的患病率10年增长了15%以上,现可达31%。可见NAFLD的患病率已成为一个值得重点关注的问题,同时必须采取相应的措施应对这个难题。
NAFLD是一类肝细胞脂质异常沉积的代谢异常综合征。肥胖、高血脂、糖尿病等是NAFLD的主要危险因素,影响着NAFLD的发生及发展。目前多种人体肥胖测量指标已用于评估人体代谢性疾病的发生发展[5],对NAFLD的防治有着重大的意义。以往学者多研究WC、WHR、腰高比(waist-to-height ratio, WHtR)及BMI与NAFLD的相关性。近年来,新型人体肥胖测量指标如身体形态指标(a body shape index, ABSI)、脂质蓄积指数(lipid accumulation product, LAP)等被一些研究者使用,但目前研究相对较少,因此有关人体测量指标的预测效果需更多的研究进行评价。
WC是经典的人体测量指标,测量方法是经脐绕身体水平一周。因为其简单易得,已被广泛应用于评估中心性肥胖的人体测量中[6]。目前的研究[7]表明,中心性肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等多种代谢性疾病的发生发展密切相关,WC的测量为社区人群的健康管理提供了重要的帮助,减少WC是降低男性和女性不良健康风险的重要治疗目标。
目前有大量的WC与NAFLD相关性研究,刘亚等[8]对中国1021例女性医务人员的调查研究发现,NAFLD组的WC明显大于非NAFLD组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有学者对中国长江三角洲地区7229名中小学生NAFLD患病率展开了一项横断面调查,该地区学生的WC预测NAFLD的受试者工作曲线下面积(AUC)为0.94[9],具有较高的预测价值。Ju等[10]对9159例韩国人进行了NAFLD流行病学调查,结果显示女性WC的AUC为0.821,男性为0.759,女性的WC对NAFLD有更高的预测价值。WC是反映腹部肥胖的一个重要的指标,对NAFLD有良好的预测效果,但是WC忽略了身高的因素,将WC联合身高与NAFLD的相关性有待进一步的研究。
WHR是衡量脂肪分布的重要指标,计算方式为WHR=WC(cm)/臀围(cm),WHR相较于WC更好的反映了腹部脂肪百分比[11]。WHR与高血压、高血糖及高脂血症等有着较高的相关性,尤其在评估高脂血症及2型糖尿病方面,WHR的精确度明显高于BMI[12],俞婷等[13]在1440名社区人群中的研究表明WHR对2型糖尿病有着重要的预测价值。李俊晴等[11]的研究表明WHR是预测心血管疾病的危险因素。由于WHR是WC和臀围的比值,肥胖者与非肥胖者理论上有着相同的WHR,当WC和臀围同时减小时,WHR的预测疾病风险能力就会减弱[14]。
在Zheng等[15]的研究中,与BMI、WC及WHtR相比,WHR是NAFLD预测能力最高的指标(AUC=0.91),截断值为0.89。Motamed等[16]在一项针对伊朗成年人的横断面研究中报道,两性WHR的AUC均高于0.70,可预测NAFLD,但未提出切点。国内也有学者在比较WC、WHR、WHtR与BMI对NAFLD的预测作用得出,WHR为NAFLD最有效的预测指标[17]。WHR对NAFLD中慢性肾脏病(CKD)的发展也有一定的相关性,Chon等[18]在一项为期12年的研究中发现,WHR降低超过5%可以显著减少NAFLD患者CKD的发生风险。尽管WHR较于WC繁杂,且如上所述,WHR是WC及臀围的比值,但目前的研究[5]显示WHR可视为NAFLD良好的预测指标,对与NAFLD的诊疗有着重要的作用。
WHtR的计算方式为WHtR=WC(cm)/身高(cm)。WHtR避免了WHR的不足,保留了WC的特异性,已经成为评价中心型肥胖的WC及WHR的替代指标[11]。目前的研究[19]表明,WHtR可以有效的预测心血管疾病风险,且比BMI及WC更好的筛查代谢性疾病,如高血压、糖尿病等疾病[20]。
杜程钢等[21]在分析不同腹型肥胖指标对NAFLD严重程度的预测能力中发现,相比于BMI、WC和WHR等人体肥胖测量指标,WHtR是预测NAFLD严重程度等最佳指标。Lin等[22]对台湾地区1210例儿童NAFLD患病情况进行了评估,WHtR在儿童中仍有较高的预测价值(AUC=0.80)。Özhan等[23]的研究同样支持WHtR是预测肥胖儿童NAFLD的简便方法,可用于公共卫生中的大规模筛查。WHtR更准确的反映了上腹部及矢状面的脂肪分布,而臀围受肌肉及骨量的影响对WHR的预测价值产生不利影响,导致WHtR比WHR对NAFLD有更高的预测价值[22]。
BMI作为传统肥胖测量指标被广泛应用于评价人体肥胖程度,应用范围广,BMI是定义超重和肥胖最有用衡量标准。然而,由于亚洲人口众多,世界卫生组织已按风险对不同的BMI阶层进行了分类:BMI为18.5~23 kg/m2的人群被认为与肥胖相关疾病的风险轻度增加;BMI为23~27.5 kg/m2的人群与肥胖相关的疾病风险增加;BMI为27.5 kg/m2或更高的人群,患有肥胖相关疾病的风险明显升高[24]。BMI目前已被研究者广泛的用于NAFLD流行病调查中,BMI作为应用最广泛的人体测量学指标,与之相关的研究也最多。在目前的研究中BMI更像是一个基本指标,但BMI反映的是全身肥胖,在评价腹型肥胖时便失去了准确性[11]。张莉等[25]发现男性的BMI相较于WC有更好的预测NAFLD的作用,其中切点值男性为26.07 kg/m2, 女性为25.68 kg/m2。Zhang等[26]研究显示BMI对NAFLD仍具有高于WHtR的预测价值,虽然BMI对腹型肥胖的评价欠缺准确性,BMI对NAFLD仍具有出色的预测价值,在体检或社区健康管理中具有一定的优越性。
ABSI是一种新型肥胖测量指标,由Krakauer等[27]于2012年提出,根据WC、BMI和身高的值进行计算,计算方式为ABSI= WC(m)/[BMI2/3×身高(m)1/2]。他们的分析表明,ABSI可以评估高WC带来的额外风险。现学者们也将ABSI用于多种代谢性疾病的相关性分析,Dhana等[28]比较了ABSI与WC、BMI等人体测量学指标发现,ABSI与总死亡率、心血管疾病和癌症死亡率之间的关联性更强。邓桂娟[29]在研究中发现,ABSI是中老年女性骨质疏松的危险因素,且相较于其他人体测量指标关联最强。
ABSI作为一个新型人体测量指标,目前仅有少部分学者用于与NAFLD的相关性分析中,Motamed等[16]评估了ABSI与NAFLD的关联性发现,ABSI与NAFLD的关联性较WHR及BRI弱,而叶菁菁等[30]的研究发现,ABSI是2型糖尿病患者发生NAFLD的独立危险因素,有着重要的预测价值。据此前报道[31],与BMI或WC相比,ABSI不能更好地预测糖尿病、高血压和高脂血症发病风险。同样地,ABSI在预测老年NAFLD的价值低于传统指标[26]。ABSI起初被用于预测死亡风险,目前的研究显示ABSI用于某些代谢性疾病的预测价值并不高,ABSI的适用范围还需要深入研究。
LAP也是一种新型肥胖测量指标,根据WC和TG计算出的指数,计算方式为LAP(男性)=[WC(cm)-65]×TG;LAP(女性)=[WC(cm)-58]×TG。由于LAP将TG纳入计算,能够相对精确的体现人体脂质蓄积程度[5]。有研究[32]指出,LAP在预测心血管和代谢性疾病方面较传统指标有优越性。Ahn等[33]的研究表明,LAP是筛查糖尿病的可靠参数。一项10年前瞻性研究[34]显示,LAP与10年心血管疾病等发生率呈正相关,并且LAP预测心血管疾病要好于常见的人体肥胖测量指数,包括BMI、WC、WHtR。
Dai等[32]在40 459例中国成年人的横断面研究中发现,LAP与NAFLD的患病率高度相关,男性和女性的AUC分别为0.843和0.887,LAP在识别普通人群中的NAFLD方面具有很高的准确性,并且LAP在年轻人中准确性更高。Özcabi等[35]在一项评估LAP对儿童肥胖研究中发现,LAP是一项预测儿童NAFLD的简单准确的工具,当LAP≥42.7,则应怀疑是NAFLD。游文一等[36]在研究发现,LAP是筛选NAFLD合并代谢综合征简单有效的指标(AUC=0.806),适合大规模调查。LAP不仅与NAFLD的发生密切相关,有研究[37]报道,LAP还与ALT水平高度相关,在男性中LAP与ALT独立相关。同样地,LAP将TG纳入计算中,应用性低于BMI、WC等简单易得的指标,在临床实践中存在局限性。
综上所述,越来越多的人体肥胖测量指标被用于NAFLD的预测中,对NAFLD的防治有着重要意义。随着研究的深入,各指标的局限性也逐渐突出,目前还需要继续研究。在日后的研究中,BMI不再是评价肥胖的唯一标准,多种人体肥胖测量指标的应用,对NAFLD的早期筛查有着重要意义,各地应开展多种人体肥胖测量指标与当地NAFLD相关性调查,了解各指标的适用性,从而对NAFLD的防治取得更大的突破。
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