中文｜English
ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R
Volume 42 Issue 2
Feb.  2026
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Journal of Clinical Hepatology  > 2026  >  42(2): 372-379

Influencing factors for calcium salt deposition in patients with alveolar echinococcosis

DOI: 10.12449/JCH260217
  • 1.

    Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery，The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

  • 2.

    NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

  • 3.

    Department of Oncology，The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

  • 4.

    Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps，Shihezi，Xinjiang 832008，China

Research funding:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81860363);

Science and Technology Research Program in Key Areas of Financial Science and Technology Program of the Corps (2022DB028)

More Information
  • Corresponding author: ZHANG Hongwei， zhw0108@163.com （ORCID： 0000-0002-3505-5824）
  • Received Date: 2025-09-11
  • Accepted Date: 2025-11-10
  • Published Date: 2026-02-25
    Abstract
  •   Objective  To investigate the imaging features of calcium salt deposition and serological markers in patients with alveolar echinococcosis through a retrospective analysis， as well as independent risk factors for the degree of calcium salt deposition in lesions， and to provide a basis for assessing disease process.  Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed for the imaging and clinical data of 107 patients with alveolar echinococcosis who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University from December 2023 to June 2025， and according to the volume of calcium salt deposition， they were divided into non-deposition group with 16 patients， mild deposition group with 52 patients， moderate deposition group with 16 patients， and severe deposition group with 23 patients. A one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups， and the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The four groups were further combined into the low deposition group （no/mild deposition） and the high deposition group （moderate/severe deposition）. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the independent influencing factors for calcium salt deposition， and a predictive model was established. The receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve was used to assess the predictive performance of the model， and the Bootstrap method was used for internal validation.  Results  There were significant differences between the four groups in sex distribution， involvement of other sites， white blood cell count， lymphocyte percentage， fibrinogen， uric acid， sodium ion， chloride ion， and calcium ion （all P<0.05）. The univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences between the four groups in sex， involvement of other sites， white blood cell count， lymphocyte percentage， fibrinogen， alanine aminotransferase， albumin， creatinine， uric acid， sodium ion， chloride ion， and calcium ion （all P<0.1）. The multi-collinearity diagnosis showed that the VIF values for all continuous variables ranged from 1.104 to 1.760， suggesting that collinearity did not affect modeling. An ordinal logistic regression model was established based on sex， involvement of other sites， calcium ion， lymphocyte percentage， and uric acid. The multivariate analysis showed that lymphocyte percentage （odds ratio ［OR］=1.106， 95% confidence interval ［CI］： 1.041 — 1.174， P=0.001） and blood calcium level （OR=0.005， 95%CI： 0.000 —0.230， P=0.007） were independent influencing factors for the degree of calcium salt deposition. The regression equation was established as Logit（P）=8.231 + 0.100 × lymphocyte percentage -5.344 × calcium ion. The ROC curve analysis showed that the model had an area under the ROC curve of 0.716， with a Youden index of 0.353， a sensitivity of 1.000， and a specificity of 0.353. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the model had poor calibration （χ2=20.688， P=0.008）. The Bootstrap method with 1000 repeated samples showed that the estimated values of lymphocyte percentage （OR=1.106， 95%CI： 1.049 — 1.186， P=0.002） and calcium ion （OR=0.005， 95%CI： 0.000 — 0.214， P=0.010） were consistent with the original model， and the confidence intervals did not include 1， which further supported the reliability of the model.  Conclusion  Both lymphocyte percentage and blood calcium level are independent influencing factors for calcium salt deposition in alveolar echinococcosis， and the degree of calcium salt deposition in alveolar echinococcosis lesions increases with the reduction in blood calcium level and the increase in lymphocyte percentage.

     

    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(23)
  • [1]
    ILICA AT, KOCAOGLU M, ZEYBEK N, et al. Extrahepatic abdominal hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus: Imaging findings[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2007, 189( 2): 337- 343. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.07.2255.
    [2]
    WEN H, VUITTON L, TUXUN T, et al. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st century[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2019, 32( 2): e00075-18. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00075-18.
    [3]
    CHEN KF, TANG YY, WANG R, et al. The choose of different surgical therapies of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: A single-center retrospective case-control study[J]. Medicine, 2018, 97( 8): e0033. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010033.
    [4]
    MENG QY, PENG J, MA SM, et al. Progress of researches on the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2020, 32( 6): 657- 660. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020055.

    孟庆杨, 彭婕, 马淑梅, 等. 超声在肝多房棘球蚴病诊疗中的应用进展[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2020, 32( 6): 657- 660. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020055.
    [5]
    XU MQ, HADEER KEB, KONG CQ, et al. Imaging diagnosis and classification of hepatic cystic echinococcosis[J]. Natl Med J China, 2002, 82( 3): 176- 179.

    徐明谦, 哈德尔·库尔班, 孔长青, 等. 肝囊性包虫病的影像学诊断与分型[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2002, 82( 3): 176- 179.
    [6]
    MÜLLER J, ZUMKEHR B, HELLER M, et al. Host proteins in Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2025, 26( 7): 3266. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26073266.
    [7]
    LIU HH, XIE YJ, AN XY, et al. Advances in novel diagnostic techniques for alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Diagnostics, 2025, 15( 5): 585. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics15050585.
    [8]
    GRÜNER B, PETERS L, HILLENBRAND A, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis specific antibody, systemic cytokine, and chemokine levels, as well as antigen-specific cellular responses in patients with progressive, stable, and cured alveolar echinococcosis: A 10-year follow-up[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2022, 16( 2): e0010099. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010099.
    [9]
    Radiology of Infection Subbranch, Branch Radiology, Chinese Medical Association; Committee on Radiology of Infectious, Branch Radiology, Chinese Medical Doctor Association. Expert consensus on the imaging diagnosis of hepatic echinococcosis[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2021, 37( 4): 792- 797. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.04.014.

    中华医学会放射学分会传染病学组, 中国医师协会放射医师分会感染影像专业委员会. 肝包虫病影像学诊断专家共识[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2021, 37( 4): 792- 797. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.04.014.
    [10]
    GRAETER T, EBERHARDT N, SHI R, et al. Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: Correlation between computed tomography morphology and inflammatory activity in positron emission tomography[J]. Sci Rep, 2020, 10( 1): 11808. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68624-9.
    [11]
    OU ZH, LI L, REN PD, et al. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic profiling reveals the dynamic immunological landscape of alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Adv Sci, 2025, 12( 18): 2405914. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405914.
    [12]
    HUANG H, ZHANG SK. Research progress on mechanisms of infiltration and metastasis for the alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Chin J Zoonoses, 2016, 32( 7): 670- 673, 678. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2016.07.016.

    黄红, 张淑坤. 多房棘球蚴病的浸润和转移机制研究进展[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2016, 32( 7): 670- 673, 678. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2016.07.016.
    [13]
    MATUZ-MARES D, GONZÁLEZ-ANDRADE M, ARAIZA-VILLANUEVA MG, et al. Mitochondrial calcium: Effects of its imbalance in disease[J]. Antioxidants(Basel), 2022, 11( 5): 801. DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050801.
    [14]
    KASSIS AI, TANNER CE. Host serum proteins in Echinococcus multilocularis: Complement activation via the classical pathway[J]. Immunology, 1977, 33( 1): 1- 9.
    [15]
    JIANG TM, SUN W, AJI T, et al. Single-cell heterogeneity of the liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in individuals with chronic Echinococcus multilocularis infection[J]. Infect Immun, 2022, 90( 11): e00177-22. DOI: 10.1128/iai.00177-22.
    [16]
    DAWA ZM, ZHAI T, LIU CC, et al. Efficacy and safety of pseudolaric acid B against Echinococcus multilocularis in vitro and in a murine infection model[J]. Front Med, 2025, 12: 1503472. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1503472.
    [17]
    WANG JH, GOEPFERT C, MUELLER N, et al. Larval Echinococcus multilocularis infection reduces dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice by attenuating T helper type 1/type 17-mediated immune reactions[J]. Immunology, 2018, 154( 1): 76- 88. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12860.
    [18]
    TREBAK M, KINET JP. Calcium signalling in T cells[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2019, 19( 3): 154- 169. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0110-7.
    [19]
    FONTA CM, ARNOLDINI S, JARAMILLO D, et al. Fibronectin fibers are highly tensed in healthy organs in contrast to tumors and virus-infected lymph nodes[J]. Matrix Biol Plus, 2020, 8: 100046. DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100046.
    [20]
    PALIT S, KENDRICK J. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: Role of disordered mineral metabolism[J]. Curr Pharm Des, 2014, 20( 37): 5829- 5833. DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140212194926.
    [21]
    LIANG SQ, HOU M. Analysis of the current situation of hypocalcemia in critically ill patients[J]. Adv Clin Med, 2023, 13( 12): 18763- 18767. DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13122639.

    梁水清, 侯明. 危重患者低钙血症的现状分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13( 12): 18763- 18767. DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13122639.
    [22]
    PROUDFOOT D. Calcium signaling and tissue calcification[J]. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2019, 11( 10): a035303. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035303.
    [23]
    RODRIGUES JJ, FERREIRA HB, FARIAS SE, et al. A protein with a novel calcium-binding domain associated with calcareous corpuscles in Echinococcus granulosus[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1997, 237( 2): 451- 456. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7025.
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(2)  / Tables(5)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (23) PDF downloads(11) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related
        

    The first journal specializing in hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in China

    Supervisor：Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China

    Sponsor：Jilin University

    Academic Support: Chinese Society of Hepatology，Chinese Medical Association

    Address: 461 Xinjiang Road, Changchun

    Submit：0431-88782044

    Peer review：0431-88783542

    Email：lcgdb@vip.163.com

    About Journal

    Submission Guideline

    Journal Online

    Hepatobiliary College

    Guidelines

    YesterdayIP[]YesterdayPV[]TodayIP[]TodayPV[]Online[]

    Website Design © 2020 Editorial Board of Journal of Clinical Hepatology 吉ICP备10000617号-1 Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd  

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return