The development and progression of chronic hepatitis are closely associated with the immune function of human body, and T cells play an important role in this process. Costimulatory molecules OX40/OX40 L are involved in the activation of T cells. This article reviews the molecular features of OX40/O...

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt ( TIPS) has been widely used in the treatment of the complications of portal hypertension, and in recent years, with a deepened understanding of TIPS, covered stents have been further developed and applied in clinical practice, among which a special sten...

Cirrhotic patients often have an increased cardiac load and impaired myocardial systolic and diastolic functions, which further cause abnormal myocardial structure, and such patients may develop the symptoms of heart failure under stress, which is called cirrhotic cardiomyopathy ( CCM) . This diseas...

Chenodeoxycholic acid ( CDCA) is a primary bile acid and is involved in the digestion, transportation, and absorption of nutriments in the hepatobiliary system. Farnesoid X receptor ( FXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that CDCA is th...

Autoimmune hepatitis ( AIH) is an immune-mediated liver parenchymal inflammation with hepatocytes as target cells. Second-line drugs can be used for patients who have suboptimal response or intolerance to the standard treatment of AIH. This article reviews the research advances in second-line drugs ...

Liver failure is one of the most serious complications after liver cancer resection. Hemodynamic changes, bile salt imbalance, and impaired immune function can cause liver failure after liver cancer resection, and related risk factors include patient, liver, and surgical conditions. This article sum...

At present, studies have confirmed the closely relationship between liver diseases and intestinal flora, and regulation of intestinal flora has a certain effect on the progression and therapeutic outcome of liver diseases. With reference to the influencing mechanism of intestinal dysbacteriosis on l...

Gallbladder carcinoma ( GBC) is often obscured by some benign diseases in clinical practice and thus unsuspected GBC tends to occur. As for etiology, long-term stimulation by gallstones, gallbladder polyps larger than 1 cm, gallbladder adenoma, and adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder are closely asso...

Objective To investigate the value of aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index ( APRI) in judging the indication for antiviral therapy [liver inflammation grade ( G) ≥2 or fibrosis stage ( S) ≥2] in patients with chronic HBV infection and alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) < 2 × upper limi...