自身免疫性肝炎相关失代偿期肝硬化再代偿的临床特征及预测因素分析
DOI: 10.12449/JCH250916
Clinical features of recompensation in autoimmune hepatitis-related decompensated cirrhosis and related predictive factors
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摘要:
目的 探讨自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)相关失代偿期肝硬化患者的再代偿临床特征及转归规律,明确其独立预测因素,并构建再代偿发生概率列线图预测模型。 方法 采用回顾性队列研究设计,纳入2015年1月—2023年8月中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心肝病医学部收治的211例成人AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者。随访主要终点为再代偿实现,次要终点为肝病相关死亡或肝移植。根据随访结束时患者结局,分为获得再代偿组(n=61)和持续失代偿组(n=150)。符合正态分布及方差齐的计量资料组间比较采用成组t检验,非正态分布及方差不齐的计量资料组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法;通过Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,应用Cox比例风险回归模型确定独立预测因素,构建列线图模型并进行验证。 结果 211例患者的中位年龄为55.0岁,女性占87.2%,中位随访时间44.0个月。累积再代偿率35.5%。获得再代偿组患者WBC、PLT、TBil、ALT、AST、TBA、PT、INR、SMA阳性率、MELD评分及Child-Pugh评分、激素使用率均显著高于持续失代偿组(P值均<0.05),基线年龄、并发症发生数量和死亡/肝移植率均显著少于持续失代偿组(P值均<0.05)。获得再代偿组治疗后3个月及12个月AST、TBil、INR、IgG、MELD评分与Child-Pugh评分持续改善,均显著低于持续失代偿组(P值均<0.05),而PLT、Alb水平持续上升,均显著高于持续失代偿组(P值均<0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,基线ALT(HR=1.067,95%CI:1.010~1.127,P=0.021)、IgG(HR=0.463,95%CI:0.258~0.833,P=0.010)、SMA阳性(HR=3.122,95%CI:1.768~5.515,P<0.001)及应用激素治疗(HR=20.651,95%CI:8.744~48.770,P<0.001)是发生再代偿的独立预测因素,基于预测因素构建的列线图模型显示良好预测效能(C指数=0.87,95%CI:0.84~0.90)。 结论 AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者实现再代偿可显著改善预后,基线SMA阳性、ALT高水平、IgG低水平及接受激素治疗是实现再代偿的独立预测因素,由其构建的预测模型可为临床个体化治疗提供决策依据。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the clinical features and outcomes of recompensation in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)-related decompensated cirrhosis, to identify independent predictive factors, and to construct a nomogram prediction model for the probability of recompensation. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among the adult patients with AIH-related decompensated cirrhosis who were admitted to The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from January 2015 to August 2023 (n=211). The primary endpoint was achievement of recompensation, and the secondary endpoint was liver-related death or liver transplantation. According to the outcome of the patients at the end of the follow-up, the patients were divided into the recompensation group (n=16) and the persistent decompensation group(n=150).The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data with homogeneity of variance, and the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data with heterogeneity of variance; the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; the Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis; the Cox proportional-hazards regression model was used to identify independent predictive factors, and a nomogram model was constructed and validated. Results A total of 211 patients were enrolled, with a median age of 55.0 years and a median follow-up time of 44.0 months, and female patients accounted for 87.2%. Among the 211 patients, 61 (with a cumulative proportion of 35.5%) achieved recompensation. Compared with the persistent decompensation group, the recompensation group had significantly higher white blood cell count, platelet count (PLT), total bilirubin (TBil), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bile acid, prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (INR), SMA positive rate, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, Child-Pugh score, and rate of use of glucocorticoids (all P<0.05), as well as significantly lower age at baseline, number of complications, and death/liver transplantation rate (all P<0.05). At 3 and 12 months after treatment, the recompensation group had continuous improvements in AST, TBil, INR, IgG, MELD score, and Child-Pugh score, which were significantly lower than the values in the persistent decompensation group (all P<0.05), alongside with continuous increases in PLT and albumin, which were significantly higher than the values in the persistent decompensation group (P<0.05). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that baseline ALT (hazard ratio [HR]=1.067, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.010 — 1.127, P=0.021), IgG (HR=0.463,95%CI:0.258 — 0.833, P=0.010), SMA positivity (HR=3.122,95%CI:1.768 — 5.515, P<0.001), and glucocorticoid therapy (HR=20.651,95%CI:8.744 — 48.770, P<0.001) were independent predictive factors for recompensation, and the nomogram model based on these predictive factors showed excellent predictive performance (C-index=0.87,95%CI:0.84 — 0.90). Conclusion Achieving recompensation significantly improves clinical outcomes in patients with AIH-related decompensated cirrhosis. Baseline SMA positivity, a high level of ALT, a low level of IgG, and corticosteroid therapy are independent predictive factors for recompensation. The predictive model constructed based on these factors can provide a basis for decision-making in individualized clinical management. -
Key words:
- Hepatitis, Autoimmune /
- Liver Cirrhosis /
- Nomograms
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表 1 AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者再代偿与持续失代偿的基线特征比较
Table 1. Comparison of baseline characteristics between recompensated and persistently decompensated patients with liver cirrhosis
基线特征 合计(n=211) 获得再代偿组(n=61) 持续失代偿组(n=150) 统计值 P值 性别[例(%)] χ2=0.13 0.714 男 27(12.8) 7(11.5) 20(13.3) 女 184(87.2) 54(88.5) 130(86.7) 年龄(岁) 55.0(50.0~63.0) 53.0(50.0~60.0) 56.0(51.0~64.0) Z=-2.04 0.041 基础疾病[例(%)] 高血压 50(23.7) 13(21.3) 37(24.7) χ2=0.27 0.603 糖尿病 28(13.3) 6(9.8) 22(14.7) χ2=0.88 0.348 其他AID 24(11.4) 3(4.9) 21(14.0) χ2=3.55 0.060 实验室指标 WBC(×109/L) 3.7(2.8~4.7) 4.3(3.3~5.0) 3.6(2.7~4.6) Z=-2.51 0.012 Hb(g/L) 112.0(96.0~123.0) 115.0(105.0~126.0) 109.5(91.8~123.0) Z=-1.70 0.090 PLT(×109/L) 92.0(64.0~129.0) 111.0(88.5~140.5) 84.0(60.8~122.5) Z=-3.03 0.002 Alb(g/L) 28.9±4.8 29.2±4.5 28.8±4.9 t=-0.57 0.567 TBil(mg/dL) 2.3(1.2~4.8) 3.9(1.5~8.7) 1.8(1.1~4.3) Z=-3.50 <0.001 ALT(×ULN)1) 1.4(0.7~3.5) 2.4(1.3~6.5) 1.0(0.6~2.7) Z=-4.60 <0.001 AST(×ULN)1) 2.6(1.4~7.0) 4.7(2.4~8.7) 1.9(1.2~5.3) Z=-4.72 <0.001 ALP(U/L) 139.0(108.0~180.0) 138.0(117.0~165.5) 141.5(107.0~190.0) Z=-0.50 0.616 GGT(U/L) 75.0(34.0~149.0) 81.0(40.0~165.5) 73.0(33.8~133.0) Z=-1.36 0.173 TBA(μmol/L) 72.4(31.0~190.0) 165.0(49.5~267.0) 63.0(29.8~144.8) Z=-3.61 <0.001 TC(mmol/L) 3.0(2.3~3.7) 2.8(2.1~3.7) 3.1(2.3~3.7) Z=-1.26 0.208 TG(mmol/L) 1.0(0.8~1.5) 1.1(0.8~1.6) 1.0(0.7~1.4) Z=-1.50 0.133 BUN(mmol/L) 3.8(3.0~4.9) 3.6(3.0~4.5) 4.0(3.1~4.9) Z=-1.18 0.236 CR(μmol/L) 62.0(53.0~73.0) 63.0(53.0~71.0) 61.0(53.0~75.3) Z=-0.01 0.992 IgA(g/L) 3.7(2.5~5.1) 3.4(2.5~4.7) 3.9(2.5~5.5) Z=-1.72 0.085 IgG(×ULN)1) 1.4(1.2~1.8) 1.4(1.2~1.8) 1.5(1.2~1.8) Z=-0.11 0.910 IgM(g/L) 1.6(1.1~2.1) 1.4(1.0~2.2) 1.6(1.1~2.1) Z=-0.30 0.766 PT(s) 14.3(12.8~15.9) 15.1(13.3~17.3) 13.9(12.7~15.5) Z=-2.42 0.015 INR 1.3(1.1~1.4) 1.3(1.2~1.5) 1.2(1.1~1.4) Z=-2.45 0.014 SMA阳性[例(%)] 45(21.3) 25(41.0) 20(13.3) χ2=19.76 <0.001 AIH分型[例(%)] χ2=0.078 0.7803) 1型 201(95.3) 59(96.7) 142(94.7) 2型 10(4.7) 2(3.3) 8(5.3) 并发症[例(%)] 腹水 χ2=1.09 0.296 轻度腹水 141(66.8) 44(72.1) 97(64.7) 中重度腹水 70(33.2) 17(27.9) 53(35.3) 消化道出血 25(11.8) 0 25(16.7) χ2=11.53 <0.001 肝性脑病 5(2.4) 0 5(3.3) χ2=0.89 0.3453) 感染 24(11.4) 7(11.5) 17(11.3) χ2=0.00 0.976 并发症数≥22)[例(%)] 49(23.2) 7(11.5) 42(28.0) χ2=6.64 0.010 严重程度评分(分) MELD评分 12.2(9.1~16.4) 14.3(11.0~18.1) 11.0(8.5~15.8) Z=-3.52 <0.001 Child-Pugh评分 9.0(7.0~10.0) 9.0(8.0~10.0) 8.0(7.0~10.0) Z=-2.15 0.031 治疗方案[例(%)] χ2=95.05 <0.001 无激素治疗 129(61.1) 6(9.8) 123(82.0) 激素治疗 82(38.9) 55(90.2) 27(18.0) 激素初始剂量[例(%)]4) χ2=0.05 0.825 <20 mg 26(31.7) 17(30.9) 9(33.3) ≥20 mg 56(68.3) 38(69.1) 18(66.7) 死亡/肝移植[例(%)] 50(23.7) 1(1.6) 49(32.7) χ2=23.09 <0.001 注:AID,自身免疫性疾病;ULN,正常值上限;TBA,总胆汁酸;BUN,尿素氮;CR,血肌酐;PT,凝血酶原时间;INR,国际标准化比值。1)ALT ULN为40 U/L,AST ULN为40 U/L,IgG ULN为16.6 g/L;2)指存在腹水、消化道出血、肝性脑病、肝肾综合征及感染并发症2项及以上并发症;3)使用连续性校正χ2检验;4)醋酸泼尼松龙等效剂量。
表 2 基于Cox比例风险回归模型的AIH相关失代偿期肝硬化患者再代偿影响因素分析
Table 2. Analysis of factors influencing recompensation in patients with AIH-related decompensated liver cirrhosis using Cox proportional hazards regress
变量 单因素分析 多因素分析 HR 95%CI P值 HR 95%CI P值 性别 男 1.000 女 0.971 0.442~2.135 0.942 年龄 <65岁 1.000 ≥65岁 0.412 0.165~1.028 0.057 基础疾病 高血压 0.853 0.462~1.575 0.612 糖尿病 0.739 0.318~1.716 0.481 其他AID 0.348 0.109~1.111 0.075 实验室指标 WBC(×109/L) 1.099 0.980~1.232 0.107 PLT(×109/L) 1.004 1.000~1.008 0.047 Alb(g/L) 1.011 0.961~1.064 0.673 TBil(mg/dL) 1.052 1.013~1.092 0.008 ALT(×ULN) 1.099 1.045~1.155 <0.001 1.067 1.010~1.127 0.021 AST(×ULN) 1.048 1.018~1.079 0.001 ALP(U/L) 0.997 0.993~1.001 0.116 GGT(U/L) 1.001 0.999~1.003 0.322 TBA(μmol/L) 1.002 1.001~1.003 0.001 TC(mmol/L) 0.912 0.722~1.151 0.437 TG(mmol/L) 1.495 1.054~2.120 0.024 CR(μmol/L) 1.002 0.986~1.019 0.817 IgA(g/L) 0.862 0.745~0.998 0.047 IgG(×ULN) 0.964 0.543~1.709 0.899 0.463 0.258~0.833 0.010 IgM(g/L) 0.917 0.727~1.155 0.460 INR 2.575 1.232~5.383 0.012 SMA阳性 3.329 1.993~5.559 <0.001 3.122 1.768~5.515 <0.001 AIH分型 1型 1.000 2型 0.611 0.149~2.503 0.494 并发症 腹水 轻度腹水 1.000 中重度腹水 0.701 0.401~1.228 0.215 消化道出血 0.041 0.001~1.192 0.063 肝性脑病 0.048 0.000~89.908 0.430 感染 1.199 0.545~2.639 0.652 并发症数≥2 0.469 0.213~1.031 0.060 严重程度评分 MELD评分 1.085 1.037~1.134 <0.001 Child-Pugh评分 1.159 1.015~1.324 0.030 治疗方案 无激素治疗 1.000 激素治疗 22.586 9.671~52.744 <0.001 20.651 8.744~48.770 <0.001 -
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DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2020.93051. -

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