肝细胞癌术后早期复发的高危因素及预测方法
DOI: 10.12449/JCH241028
High-risk factors for early postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and related prediction methods
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摘要: 肝细胞癌(HCC)是一种发病率、病死率较高的恶性肿瘤,尽管手术切除是可能治愈的方法,其预后依旧受到高复发率的影响。早期复发(术后2年内)被定义为真正的复发,通常由原发肿瘤肝内扩散引起。HCC早期复发的预后较晚期复发差。因此,充分了解早期复发的高危因素及预测方法对术前治疗方案的选择、术后随访及预后预测至关重要。本文旨在对HCC术后早期复发高危因素及预测方法进行综述。Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality rates, and although surgical resection is a possible method for cure, the prognosis of HCC is still affected by its high recurrence rate. Early recurrence (within 2 years after surgery) is defined as true recurrence and is usually caused by the intrahepatic spread of primary tumor. Early recurrence of HCC tends to have a poorer prognosis than late recurrence. Therefore, it is of great importance to fully understand the high-risk factors and prediction methods for early recurrence, which is essential to the selection of preoperative treatment regimens, postoperative follow-up, and prognosis. This article reviews the high-risk factors and prediction methods for early recurrence of HCC after surgery.
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Key words:
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular /
- Hepatectomy /
- Recurrence /
- Risk Factors
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肝细胞癌(HCC)是目前全球第6位常见恶性肿瘤及第3位肿瘤致死的病因[1],其主要危险因素包括肝硬化、慢性HBV感染或HCV感染、黄曲霉毒素暴露、长期大量饮酒、肥胖、吸烟和2型糖尿病[2]。近些年,HCC的死亡率有所改善,这可能归因于早期诊断和治疗方法的进步[3],促使HCC患者的生存时间延长,特别是对于早期HCC患者,可以通过肝移植、肝切除术及消融得到有效治疗。研究[4]表明,肝移植术后5年复发率达15%~20%,而肝切除术后这一比率可以达到70%,毫无疑问,复发是肝切除术后患者生存的一大阻碍,适当的复发风险分层有助于患者个体化治疗,优化随访方案,并在适当情况下对高危患者进行辅助治疗的研究及验证。本综述将系统阐述肝切除术后患者早期复发的高危因素和预测方法在临床预后评估中的应用价值。
1. 肿瘤复发
肿瘤的复发可分为“早期复发”和“晚期复发”,通常以2年为截止时间区分这两个概念。早期复发被认为是真正的复发,源于肿瘤通过门静脉循环在肝内播散,而晚期复发通常是由于肿瘤的新发[5]。早期复发通常与肿瘤的侵袭性相关,例如肿瘤的大小、数量和微血管浸润等,而晚期复发则被认为与肝炎、肝硬化和性激素相关[6]。研究[6]表明,与晚期复发患者相比,早期复发患者有更差的中位生存期(23.8个月 vs 106.6个月)和复发后生存期(13.5个月 vs 36.6个月)。或许需要不同的方案来预防早期和晚期复发。
2. 早期复发高危因素
肝切除术后HCC早期复发的高危因素可以分为3类,患者因素(性别、炎症指标、肝功能等),肿瘤因素(肿瘤标志物、病理分化、影像特征等),手术因素(解剖性切除、切缘)。
2.1 患者因素
2.1.1 性别与肝炎
男性早期复发的风险更高,这可能与雌激素的潜在保护作用,以及HCC在男性中发生率更高相关[7]。HBV DNA>500 IU/mL被证实会增加早期复发风险[8],这可能与持续的病毒复制诱导慢性肝炎和纤维化并产生致癌微环境相关,而抗病毒治疗可以增强患者术后病毒清除,保护残肝,减少HCC复发。一项近期的临床试验研究[9]指出,术后接受富马酸替诺福韦抗病毒治疗的人群早期复发率显著低于接受恩替卡韦治疗的人群。
2.1.2 炎症指标
中性粒细胞计数与淋巴细胞计数比率(NLR)和血小板计数与淋巴细胞计数比率(PLR)是全身炎症反应的表达,也是与HCC预后显著相关的术前预测因素[10]。高水平NLR和PLR预示着较差的生存期和较高的复发率。一些研究认为引起炎症的中性粒细胞,抑制了免疫细胞的细胞溶解,例如淋巴细胞、活化T淋巴细胞等。而血小板的升高分泌高水平的血管内皮生长因子和血小板衍生生长因子,是血管生成和细胞增殖的主要因子。另外,血小板可能支持肿瘤细胞逃避免疫系统,并与肝脏再生相关。NLR和PLR高的群体,淋巴细胞百分比相对较低,淋巴细胞参与抗肿瘤免疫应答,反映了机体的抗肿瘤能力,因此比值的变化可能反映出免疫状态和肿瘤炎症反应之间的不平衡[11]。
2.1.3 肝功能
肝储备功能是HCC关键预后预测指标。Child-Pugh评分和等级被广泛用作HCC患者肝功能评估,由人血白蛋白、胆红素水平、PT、腹水和肝性脑病组成,可以用来预测HCC患者预后[12],但腹水和肝性脑病的评估相对主观。人血白蛋白-胆红素(ALBI)和血小板-人血白蛋白-胆红素(PALBI)被证实可以更客观和准确地预测HCC患者预后及早期复发风险。Horie等[13]对233例接受肝切除术患者进行随访,发现ALBI评分高与较差的术后生存期以及术后肝功能衰竭(PHLF)≥B级相关。最近一项研究[14]发现PALBI≥-5.95患者术后无复发生存期更差,同时基于PALBI建立的预后模型可以有效预测甲胎蛋白(AFP)阴性患者预后。ALBI和PALBI显示出比经典HCC分期和Child-Pugh分期系统更高的生存预测性能,ALBI或PALBI级别较低且肿瘤较小的患者预后明显更好[15]。PALBI评分在原有ALBI基础上将反映门静脉高压的指标血小板加入评估,对于Child-Pugh A级患者,PALBI分级也显示出更高的预测能力[16]。但对于B级和C级患者是否具有相同的预测价值,还需要进一步研究。天冬氨酸转氨酶与血小板计数比值指数(APRI)和肝纤维化指数(FIB-4)是肝纤维化和肝硬化的可靠预测指标,也是HCC早期复发的独立预测因素。目前尚未有研究将几种评分在预测肝切除术后早期复发效能方面进行比较,但一些研究[17-18]显示,APRI-ALBI或FIB4-ALBI预测效能显著高于ALBI评分。
2.2 肿瘤因素
2.2.1 肿瘤标志物
AFP是一种由肝脏和胎儿生理性产生的糖蛋白,在肿瘤微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)、病理分化等级和预后的监测中起到重要作用[19]。AFP的升高也被临床医生用于判断肿瘤复发以及治疗效果,但仍未有标准化的界值用来反映预后。异常凝血酶原(又称PIVKA-Ⅱ)是凝血酶原的一种异常形式,一些研究认为,PIVKA-Ⅱ的升高可能与HCC组织利用维生素K和维生素K循环障碍有关,也是总生存率和早期复发的独立预测因素[20],Wang等[21]认为术前PIVKA-Ⅱ比AFP在肝切除术后肿瘤复发的识别上更有意义。甲胎蛋白异质体3(AFP-L3)可以特异性的在HCC患者血清中升高,研究[22]指出,术前该指标阳性患者往往随HCC的切除而阴转,而未阴转者也呈现出更高的复发率。但其与AFP作为HCC复发危险因素的影响程度强弱,仍待更多大型临床比较性生存研究验证。
2.2.2 病理
组织学分化等级和MVI是广泛被研究认为是早期复发的独立预测因素,分化较差(Edmonson-Steiner分级3/4)的肿瘤,以及存在MVI的患者,其早期复发的风险显著增加[23-24]。鉴于早期复发是由肿瘤通过门静脉循环在肝内播散,因此并不难理解,且在无MVI的HCC中,分化等级是预测术后复发的关键指标[25]。近期有研究[26]表明,卫星结节和肿瘤内坏死可以增加术后早期复发风险。MVI和卫星结节的存在是肿瘤进展过程的不同阶段[27],瘤内坏死与血管功能异常相关,这是因为实体瘤内区域经常缺氧,诱导肿瘤坏死,除此之外,具有瘤内坏死的肿瘤被证实更具有侵袭性[28]。
2.2.3 增强磁共振(MRI)特征
2.2.3.1 肿瘤大小与数目
肿瘤直径>5 cm被认为是术后早期复发的独立预测因素[29-30],但也有学者认为肿瘤直径>3 cm会增加复发风险[23],尚未有统一的标准。多发肿瘤是早期复发的另一个危险因素,米兰标准分别使用5 cm和3个作为肿瘤大小和数量的临界值,但一些学者认为二分类会影响预测能力,因此,使用连续变量进行计算的总肿瘤体积被用于评估预后[31],由于其计算较为复杂,难以用于大样本多中心研究,因此肿瘤负荷评分被更广泛应用于预后和复发评估,也被证实其预测能力更强[32]。然而影像学肿瘤体积评估虽然可以在术前预测肿瘤预后,但由于主观性,其预测能力被认为低于病理学评估,或许未来可以通过3D技术更准确地估测肿瘤体积,进一步探索两种评分模式的优劣。
2.2.3.2 边缘与包膜
肿瘤边缘不光滑与术后早期复发显著相关,不光滑的边缘往往与肿瘤侵袭性和恶性程度相关,研究[33]认为单结节型肿瘤具有光滑边缘,而单结节外生型以及多结节融合型肿瘤宏观上表现为不光滑的边缘,提示潜在的早期复发风险和不良预后。Ariizumi等[34]发现非平滑肿瘤边缘在预测复发方面有69.5%的准确率。完整的肿瘤包膜被认为是降低术后复发风险的有利因素,因为完整的包膜提供了保护作用,特别是对于大肿瘤,可以防止局部和血管侵犯。R0切除(切缘未见癌细胞)被证实可以有效保护包膜完整,改善患者预后[35]。
2.2.3.3 动脉瘤周强化与肝胆期瘤周低信号
动脉期瘤周强化是指瘤周实质内静脉回流区域的强化,定义为动脉晚期或门静脉早期瘤周絮状或斑片状强化,是进展性HCC扩张的特征,不仅对富血管性的HCC有诊断作用,还可以预测MVI和肝切除术后复发[36],一些学者建议将瘤周强化区域纳入手术切除或消融范围[37]。肝胆期瘤周低信号是使用肝脏特异性对比剂钆塞酸二钠后肝胆期瘤周出现晕状或不规则状的低信号影,这通常意味着瘤周灌注不足,有学者认为MVI影响肝细胞表面有机阴离子转运多态的表达,其具体机制尚未有定论,有待于进一步研究。先前研究[19]已经证实肝胆期瘤周低信号的存在增加了肝切除术后早期复发的风险。
2.2.3.4 马赛克结构与卫星结节
马赛克结构是指肿瘤内存在随机分布的结节或分隔,反应HCC发生不同阶段的不同克隆扩增病灶,表现出不同的影像特征,通常在较大的肿瘤中可以观察到,与早期复发和不良预后显著相关[38-39]。卫星结节常见于进展性HCC,通常表现为肿瘤边缘2 cm以内的多个亚厘米结节,具有侵入血管和转移的能力,通常表现为动脉期高强化,这与由前驱病变多步骤进展为HCC过程中产生的类似大小的肿瘤是不相同的,同时也是移植、切除和消融后复发及较低生存率的预测因子[37]。
2.2.3.5 其他特征
除以上被众多学者研究的特征以外,肝脏影像报告及数据系统(LI-RADS v2018)中一些其他的特征也被证实与肝切除术后早期复发及预后相关,例如结中结、瘤内乏脂等特征[40-41],但由于较少的研究提出这些特征与预后之间的关联,其临床价值有待进一步研究。“VICT2 trait”是建立在四个非肝胆特异期特征的一种新型模型(包含门静脉期瘤周低信号、不完整的包膜、动脉期瘤周强化和T2WI瘤周轻中度强度信号),其可以替代甚至优于肝胆期瘤周低信号预测早期复发的性能,这可能会让磁共振应用范围更广泛[42]。
2.3 手术因素
2.3.1 切缘
研究[43]认为宽切缘(≥1 cm)与窄切缘(<1 cm)相比有更好的预后,且在肿瘤直径较小(<5 cm)的患者中较为明显。但也有学者[44]将最佳切缘宽度定为5 mm,他们发现对于肿瘤负荷大的患者,更宽的切缘意味着更好的生存期,而这一指标在低肿瘤负荷患者中并无获益。因此虽然关于切缘的研究较多,切缘宽度制定仍有争议[45]。Lazzara等[46]指出宽切缘的唯一作用是预防边缘复发,但对于肝硬化肝功能下降的患者,他们建议保留功能性肝实质应优于切缘,因为后期随访中,切缘与失血量、输血和白蛋白相比并不是一个与预后显著相关的重要的危险因素。
2.3.2 术式
非解剖性肝切除被认为会增加早期复发率,这可能是由于解剖性肝切除会切除肿瘤以及引流肿瘤的门静脉系统和相应肝实质,阻碍肿瘤细胞播散,减少肿瘤细胞在门静脉循环中流动,降低肝内转移风险[47-48]。由于在肝切除术中保留足够的肝功能十分重要,临床实践中,医生总是倾向于对肝功能良好且无肝硬化的患者进行解剖性肝切除,因此关于手术方式的比较总是存在不可避免的选择偏倚。众所周知,早期复发与MVI显著相关,而解剖性切除可以有效去除不易发现的MVI,同样在非解剖性切除中,宽切缘(>1 cm)被认为会降低肿瘤早期复发风险,换言之,如果非解剖性切除拥有足够的切缘,其预防术后早期复发的能力可能与解剖性切除相当[49]。也有一些研究认为切除方法对复发或生存没有影响,因此目前尚未有预测早期复发模型将手术方式纳入。
3. 早期复发预测方法
3.1 影像组学
影像组学通过将医学图像转化为可以挖掘的定量特征,以揭示肿瘤生物学[50]。通常可以分为影像数据获取、图像分割、特征提取、特征选择、建立模型与应用五个步骤,现已广泛研究并用于预测MVI、复发、预后等[50]。Cao等[51]提取三个感兴趣区域,即肿瘤、瘤周(10 mm以内)和背景肝实质的信息,建立模型比较发现,联合三个区域的总影像组学模型综合评分C指数为0.877,为手术切除后患者提供了高效能的早期复发预测模型。然而传统手动勾画分割的方法,具有一定的主观性,因此深度学习和人工智能正在成为一种新兴趋势。Gao等[50]建立影像组学,深度学习和联合模型预测肝切除术后早期复发,并将患者进行风险分层,发现联合模型2年无复发生存率为94.7%,效能远高于另两种。目前影像组学是研究热点,但是尚未制定出统一的实施标准,所获得数据质量参差不齐,如何让其服务于临床应用,是未来研究的一大难题。
3.2 液体活检技术
在无创检测方法中,液体活检(一种涉及收集和分析来自血液和尿液等体液样本的技术)作为一种新兴的技术引起了人们的极大兴趣,并为癌症监测开辟了新的途径。循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell, CTC)、循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)和外泌体现在被认为是液体活检的主要方面。CTC的检测是肿瘤转移的直接证据,HCC作为一种恶性肿瘤,其主要播散途径是血源性传播,许多研究都表明CTC与HCC的不良预后相关,这可能由于上皮间充质转化过程中,CTC失去上皮特征并获得间充质特征,从而增加其转移潜力,从而促进早期复发[52]。近期一项纳入145例肝切除术后患者的研究[53]表明,术前检测CTC可能是准确预测早期复发的一种方法,并且结合了总CTC、MVI和卫星结节的模型显示出更好的预测性能。健康和恶性细胞都会通过凋亡和坏死将循环游离DNA释放入血液中,在炎症情况下,尤其是恶性肿瘤显著增加。而ctDNA可以提供癌症基因组突变进展的动态信息,从而监测肿瘤的复发和预后。一项前瞻性研究[54]表明术前ctDNA与早期复发之间存在显著关联,此外围术期持续的ctDNA阳性的患者显示出复发的高风险。外泌体是细胞外囊泡常见亚群之一,主要来源于细胞内多囊泡体,释放到细胞外基质中,参与细胞间通讯和细胞外基质的重塑。外泌体微核糖核酸也可以作为HCC的预后因素,Wei等[55]提取了90例患者血清外泌体,发现miR-370-3p和miR-196a-5p的表达与预后呈正相关。此外,长链非编码RNA、环形RNA以及外泌体蛋白等外泌体生物标志物的水平是预后的重要标志物,且临床应用中,多种标志物的组合也显示出优于单个指标的性能[56]。
3.3 预测模型
传统的临床分期系统,例如BCLC、TNM等对于HCC术后早期复发有一定的预测效能,但是与结合多种指标的新型模型相比,传统分期系统的预测能力自然无法企及。因此,结合临床信息、影像学信息、病理学信息等相关高危因素的新型模型可以有效提高预测早期复发的准确性,为临床工作提供指导。Liu等[57]发现纳入肝胆期瘤周低信号的模型在预测解剖性肝切除术后早期复发方面表现更好。Yan等[58]发现MVI、肿瘤数目和MRI深度学习特征构成的深度学习列线图,预测效能显著优于只包含临床特征的临床列线图。近期,一项纳入1 505例肝切术后HCC患者的多中心研究[59],通过机器学习建立了术前和术后预测早期复发Nomogram模型,结果显示纳入AFP、肿瘤直径、肿瘤数量、门静脉肿瘤侵袭、MVI、卫星结节和病理分级的术后模型,相较于纳入AFP、肿瘤直径、肿瘤数量和门静脉肿瘤侵袭的术前模型,具有更强的预测能力,并且比简单的临床分期模型更有效。笔者的研究[60]也证实了联合AFP、APRI、动脉期环形增强、肝胆期瘤周低信号以及肿瘤信号强度可以高效预测肝切除术后早期复发风险,将患者分为不同等级风险人群,这有助于对相应人群实施差异化随访以及制定后续治疗方案。由于目前尚未有研究对于增强MRI特征和临床指标进行统一标准,因此大多模型难以进行外部验证,让模型更具有普适性和可重复验证是后续研究的重中之重。
4. 总结和展望
早期复发率高是HCC肝切除术后的一大难题,也是患者预后不良的原因,无论是对早期复发的患者因素还是肿瘤因素的研究,都有助于优化治疗策略。对于高危患者,或许可以接受复发率较低的其他根治性治疗或者联合治疗,加强术后监测,以提高生存率,这也是今后研究所要努力的方向。
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