胰腺导管腺癌行腹腔镜下胰十二指肠切除术后早期复发的列线图模型及其预测价值分析
DOI: 10.12449/JCH240123
Value of a nomogram model in early recurrence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy
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摘要:
目的 探究胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)患者行腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术(LPD)后肿瘤早期复发的危险因素并建立预测模型。 方法 回顾性分析2016年4月—2022年7月于吉林大学第一医院行LPD的240例PDAC患者的临床资料,以术后肿瘤早期复发(复发时间≤12个月)为研究结局。按照7∶3比例,随机将患者分为训练组(n=168)与验证组(n=72)。训练组术后早期复发70例(41.67%),非早期复发98例(58.33%)。验证组术后早期复发32例(44.44%),非早期复发40例(55.56%)。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。Logistic回归分析影响术后早期复发的危险因素。采用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)评估模型的区分度,AUC>0.75为该模型有足够的区分度。用Bootstrap重采样法随机抽样1 000次验证,并用验证组再次验证。使用校准曲线和Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估校准度,决策曲线评估临床实用性。 结果 单因素、多因素分析结果显示:术前CA19-9水平≥37 U/mL、肿瘤最大直径>3 cm、肿瘤低分化、有淋巴结转移、术后未行辅助化疗是影响PDAC行LPD术后早期复发的独立危险因素[OR(95%CI)分别为6.265(1.938~20.249)、10.878(4.090~28.932)、3.679(1.435~9.433)、0.209(0.080~0.551)、0.167(0.058~0.480),P值均<0.05]。以此为基础构建列线图模型,AUC=0.895(95%CI:0.846~0.943,P<0.001),校准曲线Hosmer-Lemeshow检验表明模型具有良好的校准度(P=0.173)。决策曲线显示列线图具有良好的临床应用价值。 结论 术前CA19-9水平≥37 U/mL、肿瘤最大直径>3 cm、肿瘤低分化、有淋巴结转移、术后未行辅助化疗是影响PDAC LPD术后早期复发的独立危险因素,以此为依据构建列线图模型可有效预测术后早期复发。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk factors for early tumor recurrence after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and to establish a predictive model. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 240 PDAC patients who underwent LPD in The First Hospital of Jilin University from April 2016 to July 2022, with early postoperative tumor recurrence (time to recurrence ≤12 months) as the study outcome. The patients were randomly divided into training group with 168 patients and validation group with 72 patients at a ratio of 7∶3. In the training group, there were 70 patients (41.67%) with early postoperative recurrence and 98 (58.33%) without early recurrence, and in the validation group, there were 32 (44.44%) with early postoperative recurrence and 40 (55.56%) without early recurrence. The chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; a logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for early postoperative recurrence; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the discriminatory ability of the model, with AUC>0.75 indicating that the model had adequate discriminatory ability. The Bootstrap resampling method was used for validation after 1 000 times of random sampling, and the model was validated again in the validation group. The calibration curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were used to evaluate the degree of calibration, and the decision curve analysis was used to evaluate clinical practicability. Results The univariate and multivariate analyses showed that preoperative CA19-9 level≥37 U/mL (odds ratio [OR]=6.265, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.938 — 20.249, P<0.05), maximum tumor diameter >3 cm (OR=10.878, 95%CI: 4.090 — 28.932, P<0.05), poor tumor differentiation (OR=3.679, 95%CI: 1.435 — 9.433, P<0.05), lymph node metastasis (OR=0.209, 95%CI: 0.080 — 0.551, P<0.05), and absence of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery (OR=0.167, 95%CI: 0.058 — 0.480, P<0.05). A nomogram model was constructed based on these factors; the ROC curve analysis showed that the model had an AUC of 0.895 (95%CI: 0.846 — 0.943, P<0.001), and the calibration curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed that the model had a good degree of calibration (P=0.173). The decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram had a good clinical application value. Conclusion Preoperative CA19-9 level ≥37 U/mL, maximum tumor diameter >3 cm, poor tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and absence of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery are independent risk factors for the early recurrence of PDAC after LPD, and the nomogram model established based on these factors can effectively predict early postoperative recurrence. -
表 1 训练组和验证组基线数据特征比较
Table 1. Comparison of baseline data characteristics between training group and verification group
项目 训练组(n=168) 验证组(n=72) χ²值 P值 <60岁/≥60岁(例) 88/80 35/37 0.287 0.592 男/女(例) 92/76 42/30 0.261 0.610 BMI[例(%)] 0.008 0.928 <24.0 kg/m3 113(67.26) 48(66.67) ≥24.0 kg/m3 55(32.74) 24(33.33) 高血压[例(%)] 29(17.26) 12(16.67) 0.013 0.911 糖尿病[例(%)] 37(22.02) 12(16.67) 0.890 0.345 上腹部手术史[例(%)] 17(10.12) 10(13.89) 0.717 0.397 术前CA19-9[例(%)] 0.512 0.474 <37 U/mL 46(27.38) 23(31.94) ≥37 U/mL 122(72.62) 49(68.06) 术前CA125[例(%)] 0.540 0.463 <35 U/mL 146(86.90) 65(90.28) ≥35 U/mL 22(13.10) 7(9.72) 术前总胆红素[例(%)] 0.003 0.953 ≤170 μmol /L 109(64.88) 47(65.28) >170 μmol /L 59(35.12) 25(34.72) 术前胆道引流[例(%)] 73(43.45) 25(34.72) 1.590 0.207 ASA[例(%)] 0.224 0.636 1+2 144(85.71) 60(83.33) 3+4 24(14.29) 12(16.67) 术中失血量[例(%)] 0.025 0.874 ≤400 mL 122(72.62) 53(73.61) >400 mL 46(27.38) 19(26.39) 术中输血[例(%)] 40(23.80) 18(25.00) 0.039 0.843 胰腺质地[例(%)] 0.167 0.682 软 63(37.50) 25(34.72) 硬 105(62.50) 47(65.28) 胰管直径[例(%)] 0.185 0.667 ≤3 mm 49(29.17) 23(31.94) >3 mm 119(70.83) 49(68.06) 胰瘘[例(%)] 15(8.93) 7(9.72) 0.038 0.845 胆瘘[例(%)] 4(2.38) 5(6.94) 2.908 0.088 延迟性胃瘫 [例(%)] 7(4.17) 3(4.17) 0.222 0.637 腹腔感染[例(%)] 10(5.95) 4(5.56) 0.085 0.771 肺部感染[例(%)] 3(1.79) 2(2.78) 0.6381) 术后出血[例(%)] 3(1.79) 5(6.94) 4.163 0.055 肿瘤最大直径[例(%)] 0.067 0.796 ≤3cm 67(39.88) 30(41.67) >3cm 101(60.12) 42(58.33) 肿瘤分化程度[例(%)] 0.013 0.909 低分化 97(57.74) 41(56.94) 中分化或高分化 71(42.26) 31(43.06) 淋巴结转移[例(%)] 109(64.88) 49(68.06) 0.226 0.635 神经浸润[例(%)] 142(84.52) 61(84.72) 0.002 0.969 脉管浸润[例(%)] 108(64.29) 45(62.50) 0.070 0.792 术后辅助化疗[例(%)] 49(29.17) 24(33.33) 0.413 0.520 注:1)为Fisher精确概率法。 表 2 PDAC患者行LPD术后早期复发单因素分析
Table 2. Univariate analysis of early recurrence after radical LPD in PDAC patients
项目 训练组(n=168) 验证组(n=72) χ²值 P值 <60岁/≥60岁(例) 47/51 41/29 1.844 0.175 男/女(例) 58/40 34/36 1.856 0.173 BMI[例(%)] 2.874 0.090 <24.0 kg/m3 71(72.45) 42(60.00) ≥24.0 kg/m3 27(27.55) 28(40.00) 高血压[例(%)] 18(18.37) 11(15.71) 0.201 0.654 糖尿病[例(%)] 20(20.41) 17(24.29) 0.357 0.550 上腹部手术史[例(%)] 12(12.24) 5(7.14) 1.169 0.280 术前总胆红素[例(%)] 0.269 0.604 ≤170 μmol /L 62(63.27) 47(67.14) >170 μmol /L 36(36.73) 23(32.86) 术前胆道引流[例(%)] 46(46.94) 27(38.57) 1.163 0.281 ASA[例(%)] 0.200 0.655 1+2 83(84.69) 61(87.14) 3+4 15(15.31) 9(12.86) 术前CA19-9[例(%)] 24.718 <0.001 <37 U/mL 41(41.84) 5(7.14) ≥37 U/mL 57(58.16) 65(92.86) 术前CA125[例(%)] 0.149 0.699 <35 U/mL 86(87.76) 60(85.71) ≥35 U/mL 12(12.24) 10(14.29) 术中失血量[例(%)] 0.168 0.682 ≤400 mL 70(71.43) 52(74.29) >400 mL 28(28.57) 18(25.71) 术中是否输血[例(%)] 23(23.47) 17(24.29) 0.015 0.903 胰腺质地[例(%)] 0.059 0.808 软 36(36.73) 27(38.57) 硬 62(63.27) 43(61.43) 胰管直径[例(%)] 0.297 0.586 ≤3 mm 27(27.55) 22(31.43) >3 mm 71(72.45) 48(68.57) 胰瘘[例(%)] 7(7.14) 8(11.43) 0.922 0.337 胆瘘[例(%)] 5(2.04) 2(2.86) 1.0001) 延迟性胃瘫[例(%)] 2(2.04) 5(7.14) 0.1291) 术后腹腔感染[例(%)] 5(5.10) 5(7.14) 0.304 0.743 术后肺部感染[例(%)] 2(2.04) 1(1.43) 1.0001) 术后出血[例(%)] 2(2.04) 1(1.43) 1.0001) 肿瘤最大直径[例(%)] 32.789 <0.001 ≤3 cm 57(58.16) 10(14.29) >3 cm 41(41.84) 60(85.71) 肿瘤分化程度[例(%)] 15.892 <0.001 低分化 44(44.90) 53(75.71) 中分化或高分化[例(%)] 54(55.10) 17(24.29) 淋巴结转移[例(%)] 49(50.00) 60(85.71) 22.858 <0.001 神经浸润[例(%)] 83(84.69) 59(84.29) 0.005 0.943 脉管浸润[例(%)] 64(65.31) 44(62.86) 0.107 0.744 术后辅助化疗[例(%)] 36(36.73) 13(18.57) 6.520 0.011 注:1)为Fisher精确概率法。 表 3 PDAC患者行LPD术后早期复发的多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 3. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of early recurrence after radical LPD in PDAC patients
相关因素 偏回归系数 标准误差 Wald值 P值 OR 95%CI 术前CA19-9 1.835 0.599 9.398 0.002 6.265 1.938~20.249 肿瘤最大直径 2.387 0.499 22.869 <0.001 10.878 4.090~28.932 淋巴结转移 1.303 0.480 7.356 0.007 3.679 1.435~9.433 肿瘤分化程度 -1.563 0.493 10.037 0.002 0.209 0.080~0.551 术后辅助化疗 -1.791 0.539 11.035 0.001 0.167 0.058~0.480 常量 -3.167 0.721 19.279 <0.001 0.042 -
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