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慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动与治疗管理

陈婧 丁洋

陈婧, 丁洋. 慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动与治疗管理[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(11): 2164-2167. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241106.
引用本文: 陈婧, 丁洋. 慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动与治疗管理[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(11): 2164-2167. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241106.
CHEN Jing, DING Yang. Hepatitis flare and treatment in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(11): 2164-2167. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241106.
Citation: CHEN Jing, DING Yang. Hepatitis flare and treatment in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(11): 2164-2167. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241106.

慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动与治疗管理

DOI: 10.12449/JCH241106
基金项目: 

辽宁省科技厅应用基础研究计划项目 (2022JH2/101500009)

利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。
作者贡献声明:陈婧负责查阅文献,整理初稿和撰写文章;丁洋负责拟定文章思路,撰写文章并最后定稿。
详细信息
    通信作者:

    丁洋, yding0903@sina.com (ORCID: 0000-0002-7066-2865)

Hepatitis flare and treatment in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Research funding: 

Applied Basic Research Program of Liaoning Science and Technology Department (2022JH2/101500009)

More Information
    Corresponding author: DING Yang, yding0903@sina.com (ORCID: 0000-0002-7066-2865)
  • 摘要: 慢性HBV感染孕妇产后由于免疫功能和激素水平变化,可出现肝炎活动。加强慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝功能、HBV血清标志物和HBV DNA的监测与优化抗病毒治疗策略,对于确保产妇延缓疾病进展和母婴的安全性至关重要。本文将针对慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的临床特点、发病机制和预测因素及治疗策略进行阐述,帮助临床医生更好地监测慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动及治疗管理。

     

  • 母婴传播是HBV主要的传播方式之一,也是造成HBV慢性感染的主要原因1。加强慢性HBV感染育龄期女性的全程管理,不仅关系到母婴的安全性和阻断HBV母婴传播,对于世界卫生组织提出的“2030年消除病毒性肝炎对公共卫生的威胁”这一目标的实现也是至关重要的。我国孕产妇HBsAg阳性率约为6.3%2,孕期可能发生慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)活动,因此,针对此人群肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标的监测非常重要。符合抗病毒治疗适应证孕妇应接受抗病毒治疗,产后应继续抗病毒治疗和定期随访。同时,高病毒载量慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期应抗病毒治疗以降低HBV DNA水平,阻断HBV母婴传播,产后停药并随访3-4。因产后免疫功能和激素水平变化,3.5%~44.7%的慢性HBV感染孕妇可出现产后肝炎活动5-9。慢性HBV感染孕妇无论是否接受抗病毒治疗干预,在妊娠期和产后都有一定比例的肝炎活动,甚至出现重症化倾向。因此,本文将针对慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的临床特征、发病机制、预测因素及治疗策略进行阐述,帮助临床医生更好地监测慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动及治疗管理。

    慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动表现为ALT水平升高和HBV DNA波动,甚至可伴有HBeAg和HBsAg血清学转换10-11,伴或不伴乏力及相应的消化道症状。ALT升高标准从ALT≥正常值上限(ULN)、2~5×ULN,甚至ALT≥5~10×ULN。当ALT≥10×ULN时,有发生肝功失代偿伴有胆红素明显上升、凝血机制异常等肝衰竭的风险。慢性HBV感染孕妇在产后4~6周和9~12周是发生肝炎活动的高峰期,产后绝大部分的ALT水平升高为轻到中度,但仍可发生在产后24周甚至48周。因此,慢性HBV感染孕妇在产后早期应监测HBV DNA和ALT水平变化,可能有助于发现严重肝炎风险,尽早抗病毒治疗有助于肝功能的恢复和降低肝衰竭的发生风险。

    一项回顾性临床研究12收集慢性HBV感染孕妇分娩时及分娩后6、24、36和48周时的肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标水平变化,并收集抗病毒治疗药物的种类和停药时间:408例慢性HBV感染孕妇妊娠期间服用抗病毒药物阻断HBV母婴传播,与未服用药物孕妇相比,分娩时的ALT、AST、HBV DNA和HBeAg水平差异均有统计学意义;慢性HBV感染孕妇分娩后6周或停药后6周为肝炎活动高发期,分娩后所有患者的ALT、AST、TBil、Alb水平在6周内均出现上升趋势;173例在产后6周内即首次出现ALT水平异常,分娩后48周内共有231例发生肝炎活动。另一项前瞻性队列研究13收集了417例高病毒载量慢性HBV感染孕妇(无论是否妊娠期抗病毒治疗阻断HBV母婴传播)在妊娠期及分娩后6、12、24、36和48周时的肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标水平变化,分析慢性HBV感染孕妇在妊娠期和产后肝炎活动的临床特征。结果显示,妊娠期慢性HBV感染者无论是否抗病毒治疗,在妊娠期和产后均有一定比例的肝炎活动,产后肝炎活动率(44.6%)明显高于妊娠期(12.8%),在产后6周左右达到高峰,这可能是慢性HBV感染产妇抗病毒治疗的时机。由于98%慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动发生在产后24周内,停药后的随访应至少在产后24周。

    大部分慢性HBV感染孕妇在妊娠前处于免疫耐受期,妊娠期间肝脏疾病也相对稳定。慢性HBV感染产妇的T淋巴细胞免疫特性变化可能在打破免疫耐受方面起一定作用,激活和杀伤功能相关的指标可能有助于提示慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动。慢性HBV感染孕妇妊娠期由于肾上腺皮质类固醇、雌激素和黄体酮的增加,导致细胞免疫受到抑制,使孕妇耐受异体胎儿。产后由于这些因素消除,慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动。慢性HBV感染产妇外周血调节性T淋巴细胞(Treg)数量减少,自然杀伤细胞数量增多,细胞毒性增强,辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th)1/2以Th1为主,Th17/Treg以Th17为主。自然杀伤细胞可能通过非抗原特异性机制引起肝脏炎症,CD8+ T淋巴细胞数量增加,HBV特异性T淋巴细胞反应从妊娠期功能障碍中恢复。在产后炎症的背景下,产后皮质醇迅速下降,特别是HBV DNA和细胞因子诱导的HBV特异性T淋巴细胞反应增强,是产后肝炎活动的主要原因14。慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动者,用流式细胞术检测分娩前后CD8+ T淋巴细胞簇的表型、功能及细胞因子。CD8+ T淋巴细胞激活被增强,特别是TEMRA亚群的激活存在显著差异,表达穿孔素和颗粒酶B的CD8+ T淋巴细胞的频率增加,Treg数量降低,CD4+ T淋巴细胞或CD8+ T淋巴细胞产生的IFN-γ与IL-10的比值高于无产后肝炎活动者15-16

    高病毒载量慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗阻断HBV母婴传播是否影响产后肝炎活动意见并不一致17-19。产后停药时HBV DNA水平相对较低同时伴有HBsAg和HBeAg降低的产妇,常发生产后肝炎活动。年龄<29岁、HBeAg<700 S/CO和HBV DNA 3~5 log10 IU/mL是慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的预测因素。将抗病毒治疗停药时间推迟到产后6~12周,并不能降低产后肝炎发生率20。产后肝炎活动恢复的时间与分娩时HBV DNA水平相关,在分娩时ALT水平升高或HBV DNA≥5 log10 IU/mL可预测慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动21-22。但也有研究23报道,年龄、HBeAg阳性、基线HBV DNA、基线ALT、妊娠和胎次未被发现是慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的预测因素。无论是否孕期接受抗病毒治疗,慢性HBV感染孕妇产后均有出现ALT水平异常的风险,治疗组与未治疗组无显著差异24。产后即刻至产后3个月停用抗病毒药物的肝脏生化指标异常率无明显差异25-28。一项北美地区回顾性多种族的真实世界临床研究29结果显示,19%慢性HBV感染孕妇产后有肝炎活动,尤其在产后富马酸替诺福韦酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate,TDF)停药者,21%的产妇需要再次抗病毒治疗。未抗病毒治疗孕妇产后肝炎活动率54%,仅有1例肝衰竭产妇在产后第13个月行肝移植。HBeAg阳性孕妇产后平均17个月获得HBeAg阴转率37%,平均30个月获得HBsAg阴转率2.9%。慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗产后停药,产后12周血清HBcrAg(OR=4.52,95%CI:2.58~7.92)和HBsAg(OR=2.52,95%CI:1.13~5.65)水平与产后肝炎活动有关,可能是产后12周需要继续抗病毒治疗的预测指标30。另一项探讨慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动相关因素的研究31发现,产后肝炎活动主要发生在分娩后4周,HBeAg阳性和妊娠糖尿病与分娩后的肝炎活动有关。因此,需要额外关注HBeAg阳性慢性HBV感染合并糖尿病孕妇产后肝炎活动。

    对于妊娠期ALT水平升高的慢性HBV感染孕妇,如果妊娠或分娩时HBeAg有从基线下降的趋势,可通过延长抗病毒治疗至48周以上以提高HBeAg血清转换率。慢性HBV感染的孕妇,无论孕期是否抗病毒治疗,产后应每4~6周监测肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标,若随访期间评估符合慢性HBV感染抗病毒治疗适应证,个体化启动抗病毒治疗方案。如果无干扰素禁忌证,以聚乙二醇干扰素为基础的治疗更有利于分娩后HBeAg或HBsAg血清清除;若产后考虑到母乳喂养,推荐口服抗病毒药物治疗,如TDF或富马酸丙酚替诺福韦(tenofovir alafenamide,TAF);在极少数情况下,产后肝炎恶化将是严重的,甚至发生肝衰竭,应积极TDF或TAF治疗32-33

    慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗HBV DNA和HBeAg水平下降显著,产后继续抗病毒治疗,HBsAg和HBeAg水平下降更快,能够获得较高的HBeAg清除和血清学转换,部分患者可获得HBsAg清除834-35。一项北京佑安医院慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗研究36显示,在产后6周未停药状态下,对30例ALT≥2×ULN同时HBV DNA较基线下降≥2 1og10 IU/mL或/和HBeAg下降≥20%者采用干扰素为基础的联合治疗,病毒学应答率93.3%、HBeAg清除率56.7%和HBsAg的清除率26.7%。一项HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染产妇应用聚乙二醇干扰素治疗48周的有效性和安全性研究37中,HBsAg阴转率和血清转换率分别为51.06%和40.43%。基线HBsAg水平、第24周HBsAg水平和产后肝炎活动与聚乙二醇干扰素治疗48周HBsAg阴转显著相关,无严重不良事件报告。因此,在HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染产妇中,聚乙二醇干扰素治疗可以实现高比例的临床治愈,具有可靠的安全性,特别是对于经历产后肝炎活动和基线HBsAg水平较低的患者。

    综上所述,慢性HBV感染孕妇是特殊人群,无论孕妇是否采用抗病毒治疗阻断HBV母婴传播,产后均有一定比例的肝炎活动,甚至重症化,需要密切随访。有产后肝炎活动者可采用口服TDF或TAF抗病毒治疗,或以聚乙二醇干扰素为基础的治疗,可达到更高的治疗目标。

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  • 收稿日期:  2024-09-01
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