慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动与治疗管理
DOI: 10.12449/JCH241106
Hepatitis flare and treatment in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
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摘要: 慢性HBV感染孕妇产后由于免疫功能和激素水平变化,可出现肝炎活动。加强慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝功能、HBV血清标志物和HBV DNA的监测与优化抗病毒治疗策略,对于确保产妇延缓疾病进展和母婴的安全性至关重要。本文将针对慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的临床特点、发病机制和预测因素及治疗策略进行阐述,帮助临床医生更好地监测慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动及治疗管理。Abstract: Hepatitis flare can happen in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection due to the changes in immune function and hormone levels. In order to delay disease progression in parturients and ensure the safety of mothers and infants, it is crucial to strengthen the monitoring of liver function, serum HBV markers, and HBV DNA in postpartum women with chronic HBV infection and optimize the strategies for antiviral therapy. This article elaborates on the clinical features, pathogenesis, predictive factors, and treatment strategies for hepatitis flare in postpartum women with chronic HBV infection, in order to help clinicians with the monitoring and treatment of hepatitis flare in postpartum women with chronic HBV infection.
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Key words:
- Hepatitis B Virus /
- Pregnant Women /
- Therapeutics
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母婴传播是HBV主要的传播方式之一,也是造成HBV慢性感染的主要原因[1]。加强慢性HBV感染育龄期女性的全程管理,不仅关系到母婴的安全性和阻断HBV母婴传播,对于世界卫生组织提出的“2030年消除病毒性肝炎对公共卫生的威胁”这一目标的实现也是至关重要的。我国孕产妇HBsAg阳性率约为6.3%[2],孕期可能发生慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)活动,因此,针对此人群肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标的监测非常重要。符合抗病毒治疗适应证孕妇应接受抗病毒治疗,产后应继续抗病毒治疗和定期随访。同时,高病毒载量慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期应抗病毒治疗以降低HBV DNA水平,阻断HBV母婴传播,产后停药并随访[3-4]。因产后免疫功能和激素水平变化,3.5%~44.7%的慢性HBV感染孕妇可出现产后肝炎活动[5-9]。慢性HBV感染孕妇无论是否接受抗病毒治疗干预,在妊娠期和产后都有一定比例的肝炎活动,甚至出现重症化倾向。因此,本文将针对慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的临床特征、发病机制、预测因素及治疗策略进行阐述,帮助临床医生更好地监测慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动及治疗管理。
1. 慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的临床特点
慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动表现为ALT水平升高和HBV DNA波动,甚至可伴有HBeAg和HBsAg血清学转换[10-11],伴或不伴乏力及相应的消化道症状。ALT升高标准从ALT≥正常值上限(ULN)、2~5×ULN,甚至ALT≥5~10×ULN。当ALT≥10×ULN时,有发生肝功失代偿伴有胆红素明显上升、凝血机制异常等肝衰竭的风险。慢性HBV感染孕妇在产后4~6周和9~12周是发生肝炎活动的高峰期,产后绝大部分的ALT水平升高为轻到中度,但仍可发生在产后24周甚至48周。因此,慢性HBV感染孕妇在产后早期应监测HBV DNA和ALT水平变化,可能有助于发现严重肝炎风险,尽早抗病毒治疗有助于肝功能的恢复和降低肝衰竭的发生风险。
一项回顾性临床研究[12]收集慢性HBV感染孕妇分娩时及分娩后6、24、36和48周时的肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标水平变化,并收集抗病毒治疗药物的种类和停药时间:408例慢性HBV感染孕妇妊娠期间服用抗病毒药物阻断HBV母婴传播,与未服用药物孕妇相比,分娩时的ALT、AST、HBV DNA和HBeAg水平差异均有统计学意义;慢性HBV感染孕妇分娩后6周或停药后6周为肝炎活动高发期,分娩后所有患者的ALT、AST、TBil、Alb水平在6周内均出现上升趋势;173例在产后6周内即首次出现ALT水平异常,分娩后48周内共有231例发生肝炎活动。另一项前瞻性队列研究[13]收集了417例高病毒载量慢性HBV感染孕妇(无论是否妊娠期抗病毒治疗阻断HBV母婴传播)在妊娠期及分娩后6、12、24、36和48周时的肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标水平变化,分析慢性HBV感染孕妇在妊娠期和产后肝炎活动的临床特征。结果显示,妊娠期慢性HBV感染者无论是否抗病毒治疗,在妊娠期和产后均有一定比例的肝炎活动,产后肝炎活动率(44.6%)明显高于妊娠期(12.8%),在产后6周左右达到高峰,这可能是慢性HBV感染产妇抗病毒治疗的时机。由于98%慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动发生在产后24周内,停药后的随访应至少在产后24周。
2. 慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的发病机制和预测因素
大部分慢性HBV感染孕妇在妊娠前处于免疫耐受期,妊娠期间肝脏疾病也相对稳定。慢性HBV感染产妇的T淋巴细胞免疫特性变化可能在打破免疫耐受方面起一定作用,激活和杀伤功能相关的指标可能有助于提示慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动。慢性HBV感染孕妇妊娠期由于肾上腺皮质类固醇、雌激素和黄体酮的增加,导致细胞免疫受到抑制,使孕妇耐受异体胎儿。产后由于这些因素消除,慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动。慢性HBV感染产妇外周血调节性T淋巴细胞(Treg)数量减少,自然杀伤细胞数量增多,细胞毒性增强,辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th)1/2以Th1为主,Th17/Treg以Th17为主。自然杀伤细胞可能通过非抗原特异性机制引起肝脏炎症,CD8+ T淋巴细胞数量增加,HBV特异性T淋巴细胞反应从妊娠期功能障碍中恢复。在产后炎症的背景下,产后皮质醇迅速下降,特别是HBV DNA和细胞因子诱导的HBV特异性T淋巴细胞反应增强,是产后肝炎活动的主要原因[14]。慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动者,用流式细胞术检测分娩前后CD8+ T淋巴细胞簇的表型、功能及细胞因子。CD8+ T淋巴细胞激活被增强,特别是TEMRA亚群的激活存在显著差异,表达穿孔素和颗粒酶B的CD8+ T淋巴细胞的频率增加,Treg数量降低,CD4+ T淋巴细胞或CD8+ T淋巴细胞产生的IFN-γ与IL-10的比值高于无产后肝炎活动者[15-16]。
高病毒载量慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗阻断HBV母婴传播是否影响产后肝炎活动意见并不一致[17-19]。产后停药时HBV DNA水平相对较低同时伴有HBsAg和HBeAg降低的产妇,常发生产后肝炎活动。年龄<29岁、HBeAg<700 S/CO和HBV DNA 3~5 log10 IU/mL是慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的预测因素。将抗病毒治疗停药时间推迟到产后6~12周,并不能降低产后肝炎发生率[20]。产后肝炎活动恢复的时间与分娩时HBV DNA水平相关,在分娩时ALT水平升高或HBV DNA≥5 log10 IU/mL可预测慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动[21-22]。但也有研究[23]报道,年龄、HBeAg阳性、基线HBV DNA、基线ALT、妊娠和胎次未被发现是慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动的预测因素。无论是否孕期接受抗病毒治疗,慢性HBV感染孕妇产后均有出现ALT水平异常的风险,治疗组与未治疗组无显著差异[24]。产后即刻至产后3个月停用抗病毒药物的肝脏生化指标异常率无明显差异[25-28]。一项北美地区回顾性多种族的真实世界临床研究[29]结果显示,19%慢性HBV感染孕妇产后有肝炎活动,尤其在产后富马酸替诺福韦酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate,TDF)停药者,21%的产妇需要再次抗病毒治疗。未抗病毒治疗孕妇产后肝炎活动率54%,仅有1例肝衰竭产妇在产后第13个月行肝移植。HBeAg阳性孕妇产后平均17个月获得HBeAg阴转率37%,平均30个月获得HBsAg阴转率2.9%。慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗产后停药,产后12周血清HBcrAg(OR=4.52,95%CI:2.58~7.92)和HBsAg(OR=2.52,95%CI:1.13~5.65)水平与产后肝炎活动有关,可能是产后12周需要继续抗病毒治疗的预测指标[30]。另一项探讨慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动相关因素的研究[31]发现,产后肝炎活动主要发生在分娩后4周,HBeAg阳性和妊娠糖尿病与分娩后的肝炎活动有关。因此,需要额外关注HBeAg阳性慢性HBV感染合并糖尿病孕妇产后肝炎活动。
3. 慢性HBV感染孕妇产后肝炎活动抗病毒治疗策略
对于妊娠期ALT水平升高的慢性HBV感染孕妇,如果妊娠或分娩时HBeAg有从基线下降的趋势,可通过延长抗病毒治疗至48周以上以提高HBeAg血清转换率。慢性HBV感染的孕妇,无论孕期是否抗病毒治疗,产后应每4~6周监测肝功能、HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA等指标,若随访期间评估符合慢性HBV感染抗病毒治疗适应证,个体化启动抗病毒治疗方案。如果无干扰素禁忌证,以聚乙二醇干扰素为基础的治疗更有利于分娩后HBeAg或HBsAg血清清除;若产后考虑到母乳喂养,推荐口服抗病毒药物治疗,如TDF或富马酸丙酚替诺福韦(tenofovir alafenamide,TAF);在极少数情况下,产后肝炎恶化将是严重的,甚至发生肝衰竭,应积极TDF或TAF治疗[32-33]。
慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗HBV DNA和HBeAg水平下降显著,产后继续抗病毒治疗,HBsAg和HBeAg水平下降更快,能够获得较高的HBeAg清除和血清学转换,部分患者可获得HBsAg清除[8,34-35]。一项北京佑安医院慢性HBV感染孕妇孕期抗病毒治疗研究[36]显示,在产后6周未停药状态下,对30例ALT≥2×ULN同时HBV DNA较基线下降≥2 1og10 IU/mL或/和HBeAg下降≥20%者采用干扰素为基础的联合治疗,病毒学应答率93.3%、HBeAg清除率56.7%和HBsAg的清除率26.7%。一项HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染产妇应用聚乙二醇干扰素治疗48周的有效性和安全性研究[37]中,HBsAg阴转率和血清转换率分别为51.06%和40.43%。基线HBsAg水平、第24周HBsAg水平和产后肝炎活动与聚乙二醇干扰素治疗48周HBsAg阴转显著相关,无严重不良事件报告。因此,在HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染产妇中,聚乙二醇干扰素治疗可以实现高比例的临床治愈,具有可靠的安全性,特别是对于经历产后肝炎活动和基线HBsAg水平较低的患者。
4. 小结
综上所述,慢性HBV感染孕妇是特殊人群,无论孕妇是否采用抗病毒治疗阻断HBV母婴传播,产后均有一定比例的肝炎活动,甚至重症化,需要密切随访。有产后肝炎活动者可采用口服TDF或TAF抗病毒治疗,或以聚乙二醇干扰素为基础的治疗,可达到更高的治疗目标。
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