中文English
ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R
Volume 38 Issue 8
Aug.  2022
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents

Management of autoimmune hepatitis during prepregnancey-pregnancy-postpartum

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.08.034
Research funding:

Scientific Research Project of Health Commission of Sichuan Province (20PJ180)

More Information
  • Corresponding author: TANG Shanhong, 15928956390@163.com(ORCID:0000-0001-6652-2942)
  • Received Date: 2022-02-12
  • Accepted Date: 2022-03-08
  • Published Date: 2022-08-20
  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the liver caused by the attack of liver cells by the autoimmune system, with the features of positive serum autoantibodies, high IgG, and/or γ-globulinemia. Current studies on pregnancy in patients with AIH mainly focus on labor complications, and there is still a lack of systematic recommendations for the evaluation, treatment, and management of diseases in the progestational stage, during pregnancy, and after delivery. Although immunity is suppressed during pregnancy, poor disease control within one year before pregnancy and spontaneous drug withdrawal during pregnancy can significantly increase adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, this article describes how to implement multidisciplinary collaboration and management of the whole cycle of pregnancy, so as to improve maternal and fetal safety.

     

  • loading
  • [1]
    LV T, LI M, ZENG N, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the incidence and prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis in Asian, European, and American population[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 34(10): 1676-1684. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14746.
    [2]
    MANNS MP, CZAJA AJ, GORHAM JD, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Hepatology, 2010, 51(6): 2193-2213. DOI: 10.1002/hep.23584.
    [3]
    WANG CW, GRAB J, TANA MM, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis: A population-based study[J]. Hepatology, 2022, 75(1): 5-12. DOI: 10.1002/hep.32132.
    [4]
    WESTBROOK RH, YEOMAN AD, KRIESE S, et al. Outcomes of pregnancy in women with autoimmune hepatitis[J]. J Autoimmun, 2012, 38(2-3): J239-J244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.12.002.
    [5]
    WANG QX, MA X. Current status and perspectives of autoimmune hepatitis[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2020, 36(4): 721-723. DOI: 10.3969/j.i ssn.1001-5256.2020.04.001.

    王绮夏, 马雄. 自身免疫性肝炎的研究现状与展望[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2020, 36(4): 721-723. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2020.04.001.
    [6]
    DONG WD, ZHANG HR, LI R, et al. Role of regulatory T/T helper 17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis and related therapeutic targets[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2021, 37(10): 2456-2460. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.10.042.

    董雯迪, 张海蓉, 李瑞, 等. 调节性T淋巴细胞/辅助性T淋巴细胞17在自身免疫性肝炎发生发展中的作用机制及其相关治疗靶点[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2021, 37(10): 2456-2460. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.10.042.
    [7]
    ZHANG H, LIU Y, BIAN Z, et al. The critical role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and FXR activation in immune-mediated liver injury[J]. J Autoimmun, 2014, 53: 55-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.02.010.
    [8]
    BOZWARD AG, WOOTTON GE, PODSTAWKA O, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis: Tolerogenic immunological state during pregnancy and immune escape in post-partum[J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 591380. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591380.
    [9]
    RAHIM MN, RAN S, SHAH S, et al. Safety and efficacy of budesonide during pregnancy in women with autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Hepatology, 2021, 73(6): 2601-2606. DOI: 10.1002/hep.31634.
    [10]
    AKBARI M, SHAH S, VELAYOS FS, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of thiopurines on birth outcomes from female and male patients with inflammatory bowel disease[J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2013, 19(1): 15-22. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.22948.
    [11]
    MACK CL, ADAMS D, ASSIS DN, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis in adults and children: 2019 Practice Guidance and Guidelines From the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases[J]. Hepatology, 2020, 72(2): 671-722. DOI: 10.1002/hep.31065.
    [12]
    WANG G, TANAKA A, ZHAO H, et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidance: the diagnosis and management of patients with autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Hepatol Int, 2021, 15(2): 223-257. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10170-1.
    [13]
    Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis (2021)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2022, 38(1): 42-49. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20211112-00796.

    中华医学会肝病学分会. 自身免疫性肝炎诊断和治疗指南(2021)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2022, 38(1): 42-49. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20211112-00796.
    [14]
    BIGGIOGGERO M, BORGHI MO, GEROSA M, et al. Immune function in children born to mothers with autoimmune diseases and exposed in utero to immunosuppressants[J]. Lupus, 2007, 16(8): 651-656. DOI: 10.1177/0961203307079569.
    [15]
    CLARIS O, PICAUD JC, BRAZIER JL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin A in 16 newborn infants of renal or cardiac transplant mothers[J]. Dev Pharmacol Ther, 1993, 20(3-4): 180-185. DOI: 10.1159/000457560.
    [16]
    FU JH. Analysis of the use of cyclosporin A to treat refractory immune recurrent spontaneous abortion[J]. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol, 2015, 42(6): 739-742. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26753475/
    [17]
    BITTENCOURT PL, FARIAS AQ, PORTA G, et al. Frequency of concurrent autoimmune disorders in patients with autoimmune hepatitis: effect of age, gender, and genetic background[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2008, 42(3): 300-305. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31802dbdfc.
    [18]
    DENG BR, GUO LP, ZHOU L, et al. Progress of pregnancy research in patients with autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Chin J Dig, 2017, 37(4): 285-286. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1432.2017.04.016.

    邓宝茹, 郭丽萍, 周璐, 等. 自身免疫性肝炎患者妊娠研究进展[J]. 中华消化杂志, 2017, 37(4): 285-286. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-1432.2017.04.016.
    [19]
    LEE NM, BRADY CW. Liver disease in pregnancy[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2009, 15(8): 897-906. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.897.
    [20]
    MIYAURA H, IWATA M. Direct and indirect inhibition of Th1 development by progesterone and glucocorticoids[J]. J Immunol, 2002, 168(3): 1087-1094. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1087.
    [21]
    MAO G, WANG J, KANG Y, et al. Progesterone increases systemic and local uterine proportions of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells during midterm pregnancy in mice[J]. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(11): 5477-5488. DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0426.
    [22]
    BUCHEL E, van STEENBERGEN W, NEVENS F, et al. Improvement of autoimmune hepatitis during pregnancy followed by flare-up after delivery[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2002, 97(12): 3160-3165. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07124.x.
    [23]
    PETERS MG. Management of autoimmune hepatitis in pregnant women[J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y), 2017, 13(8): 504-506. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28867984/
    [24]
    OLSEN K, HODSON J, RONCA V, et al. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and nonadherence to medication correlate with premature birth and risk of postpartum flare[J]. Hepatol Commun, 2021, 5(7): 1252-1264. DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1714.
    [25]
    MANNS MP, LOHSE AW, VERGANI D. Autoimmune hepatitis— Update 2015[J]. J Hepatol, 2015, 62(1 Suppl): S100-S111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.005.
    [26]
    BRAGA A, VASCONCELOS C, BRAGA J. Autoimmune hepatitis and pregnancy[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2020, 68: 23-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.007.
    [27]
    KOTHADIA JP, SHAH J. Autoimmune hepatitis and pregnancy[M]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2022.
    [28]
    JANIK MK, WUNSCH E, RASZEJA-WYSZOMIRSKA J, et al. Autoimmune hepatitis exerts a profound, negative effect on health-related quality of life: A prospective, single-centre study[J]. Liver Int, 2019, 39(1): 215-221. DOI: 10.1111/liv.13960.
    [29]
    EL JAMALY H, ESLICK GD, WELTMAN M. Systematic review with meta-analysis: autoimmune hepatitis in pregnancy[J]. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2021, 56(10): 1194-1204. DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2021.1953127.
    [30]
    ALUVIHARE VR, KALLIKOURDIS M, BETZ AG. Regulatory T cells mediate maternal tolerance to the fetus[J]. Nat Immunol, 2004, 5(3): 266-271. DOI: 10.1038/ni1037.
    [31]
    SAMUEL D, RIORDAN S, STRASSER S, et al. Severe autoimmune hepatitis first presenting in the early post partum period[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2004, 2(7): 622-624. DOI: 10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00245-9.
    [32]
    GONZÁLEZ DA, DÍAZ BB, RODRÍGUEZ PÉREZ MDEL C, et al. Sex hormones and autoimmunity[J]. Immunol Lett, 2010, 133(1): 6-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.07.001.
    [33]
    LLOVET LP, HORTA D, ELIZ MG, et al. Presentation and outcomes of pregnancy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2019, 17(13): 2819-2821. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.12.030.
    [34]
    CHRISTENSEN LA, DAHLERUP JF, NIELSEN MJ, et al. Azathioprine treatment during lactation[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2008, 28(10): 1209-1213. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03843.x.
    [35]
    ANGELBERGER S, REINISCH W, MESSERSCHMIDT A, et al. Long-term follow-up of babies exposed to azathioprine in utero and via breastfeeding[J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2011, 5(2): 95-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.10.005.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article views (654) PDF downloads(100) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return