Objective To investigate the changes in serum leptin and adiponectin levels and their significance in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus ( HBV) infection. Methods One hundred and twenty-five patients with chronic HBV infection ( 44 HBeAg-positive cases, 31 HBeAg-negative cases of chronic hepatitis B, 23 chronic HBV carriers, and 27 inactive HBsAg carriers) were recruited in the present study. Fifty-five healthy people served as the control group. Blood samples were collected at 8 to 9 AM of the next morning after overnight fasting. Blood glucose, blood lipids, renal and liver function parameters, fasting insulin, serum HBV markers, and HBV DNA concentration were determined, and HOMA-IR was calculated. Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. Continuous data were expressed as mean ± SD, and Student's t-test, analysis of variance, linear regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis were applied in the analysis of all experimental data. Results There were no significant differences in serum levels of leptin and adiponectin between patients with chronic HBV infection and the control group ( P = 0. 480; P = 0. 321) , even after stratification by gender ( males: P =0. 210 /0. 895; females: P = 0. 404 /0. 066) . After patients with chronic HBV infection were divided into subgroups by HBeAg status, HBV DNA, or ALT level, there were no significant differences in serum levels of leptin and adiponectin between groups ( leptin: P = 0. 820 /0. 296 /0. 212; adiponectin: P = 0. 268 /0. 760 /0. 224) . Conclusion For patients with chronic HBV infection, infection status and viral replication level are not significantly correlated with serum levels of leptin and adiponectin.