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肝性胸水临床研究进展与挑战

马博 尚天玲 黄剑洁 涂芷馨 王妍 韩雨金 温晓玉 金清龙

引用本文:
Citation:

肝性胸水临床研究进展与挑战

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.02.040
基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金 (81270484)

吉林省财政厅项目 (JLSCZD2019-027)

利益冲突声明:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明:马博、尚天玲负责选题,收集分析资料,撰写文章;黄剑洁、涂芷馨、王妍、韩雨金参与选题,收集资料;金清龙、温晓玉负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章,提供修改意见并最终定稿。
详细信息
    通信作者:

    金清龙, jinql@jlu.edu.cn

Advances and challenges in clinical research on hepatic hydrothorax

Research funding: 

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81270484);

Jilin Provincial Finance Department Project (JLSCZD2019-027)

More Information
  • 摘要: 肝性胸水(HH)是肝硬化与门静脉高压相关的一种极具挑战性的并发症,其发生机制及治疗措施仍不完全明确。总结评述了HH的发病机制、临床表现、诊断治疗等方面最新研究进展与挑战,并提供一个多学科的治疗策略,包括减少腹水的产生、防止积液进入胸腔、胸腔积液清除、胸膜腔闭塞和肝移植5部分,以期为更多临床医生提供参考。

     

  • 表  1  单纯HH胸腔积液组成

    细胞计数 < 1000/mm3
    多形核白细胞计数 < 250/mm3
    蛋白浓度 < 2.5 g/dL
    胸水/血清总蛋白比值< 0.5
    胸水/血清乳酸脱氢酶比值 > 0.6
    胸水/血清白蛋白梯度 > 1.1 g/dL
    pH > 7.4
    积液葡萄糖浓度与血清相似
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  SBEM诊断标准

    (1)血清/胸水白蛋白梯度 > 1.1 g/dL
    (2)胸水培养阳性或多形核白细胞计数 > 500/mm3
    (3)胸片未见感染或直接感染
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  HH不同治疗方式优缺点

    治疗方式 优点 缺点 意见
    药物治疗 费用少无创 不服从率高急性肾损伤和肾衰竭风险难治性HH无效 HH治疗第一步
    胸腔穿刺术 缓解急性症状可行胸腔积液分析排除其他诊断,如SBEM 频繁穿刺并发症如气胸、血胸、复张性肺水肿 对于适合肝移植评估的,不需要频繁排水的患者,重复行胸腔穿刺术可能是最好的选择
    留置胸膜导管 一种可控制的胸水引流 并发症包括脓胸、脱位、移位、渗漏和气胸 适用多于每2周1次行胸腔穿刺术的患者
    TIPS 肝移植桥梁成功率70%~80% 易发生肝性脑病分流阻塞和血栓形成MELD评分 > 15分、CTP分级C级、手术前肌酐 > 2 mg/dL者生存率低 难治性HH的首选治疗方式
    胸膜固定术 可行膈缺损修复CPAP、生长抑素可提高成功率TIPS有禁忌证者可考虑 手术可能需要重复多次电视胸腔镜手术需全身麻醉并发症如脓胸、败血症及感染性休克机械性胸膜粘连增加出血风险不能在肺不张时进行 推荐无临床腹水患者
    外科修复横膈膜缺损 增加胸膜固定术成功率 难直观发现膈缺损有创 在TIPS有禁忌证患者中考虑
    胸膜静脉分流术 HH通过泵系统有效的控制 胸痛空气栓塞风险高 在TIPS有禁忌证患者中考虑
    肝移植 最有效的治疗方式 等候时间长 所有HH患者均应考虑
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2021-10-10
  • 录用日期:  2021-11-15
  • 出版日期:  2022-02-20
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